Mito-FUNCAT-FACS reveals cellular heterogeneity in mitochondrial translation.

Mitochondria possess their own genome that encodes components of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes, and mitochondrial ribosomes within the organelle translate the mRNAs expressed from the mitochondrial genome. Given the differential OXPHOS activity observed in diverse cell types, cell growth conditions, and other circumstances, cellular heterogeneity in mitochondrial translation can be expected. Although individual protein products translated in mitochondria have been monitored, the lack of techniques that address the variation in overall mitochondrial protein synthesis in cell populations poses analytic challenges.

Transcutaneous application of carbon dioxide improves contractures after immobilization of rat knee joint.

Objective: Joint contractures are a major complication following joint immobilization. However, no fully effective treatment has yet been found. Recently, carbon dioxide (CO) therapy was developed and verified this therapeutic application in various disorders.

Effects of hypertonia on contracture development in rat spinal cord injury.

Study Design: Experimental animal study.

Objectives: Spastic hypertonia is originally believed to cause contractures from clinical observations. Botulinum toxin is effective for the treatment of spasticity and is widely used in patients who have joints with contractures.