Aspirin plus clopidogrel versus cilostazol -based triple antiplatelet therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease undergoing PCI: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Introduction: Cilostazol has been widely used to prevent peripheral vascular events after PCI. However, guidelines in cilostazol-based triple antiplatelet therapy for patients with ischemic heart disease undergoing PCI remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of DAPT (aspirin and clopidogrel) compared to cilostazol -based TAPT (aspirin, clopidogrel and cilostazol).

The effect of the four pharmacological pillars of heart failure on haemoglobin level.

Anaemia, a condition characterized by low levels of haemoglobin, is frequently observed in patients with heart failure (HF). Guideline-directed medical therapy improves HF outcomes by using medications like beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers, along with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. In this study, we aimed to review the pathophysiology of anaemia in patients with HF and present the current evidence regarding the relationship between the main recommended medications for these patients and haemoglobin levels.