STRESS INDUCED FACTOR 2 Regulates Arabidopsis Stomatal Immunity through Phosphorylation of the Anion Channel SLAC1.

Upon recognition of microbes, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activate pattern-triggered immunity. FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2) and BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1) form a typical PRR complex that senses bacteria. Here, we report that the kinase activity of the malectin-like receptor-like kinase STRESS INDUCED FACTOR 2 (SIF2) is critical for Arabidopsis () resistance to bacteria by regulating stomatal immunity.

Elimination profile of triamcinolone in urine following oral administration.

Triamcinolone (T) is a glucocorticoid commonly used to relieve inflammation and treat arthritis, severe allergies, and asthma; however, it is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency in competition for athletes when administered orally, intravenously, intramuscularly, or rectally. The minimum required performance limit (MRPL) for urinary T is 30 ng/mL. However, the data about the urinary excretion of T after oral administration is limited.

Positive doping results caused by the single-dose local injection of triamcinolone acetonide.

Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) is classified as an S9 glucocorticoid in the 2014 Prohibited List published by the World Anti-Doping Agency, which caused it to be prohibited in-competition when administered orally, intravenously, intramuscularly or rectally. The Minimum Required Performance Level (MRPL) for the detection and identification of glucocorticoids is 30 ng/mL. Other common local injection routes, such as intraarticular, intratendinous, or intrabursal injection, are not prohibited.

Determination of raloxifene in urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for doping.

Raloxifene is one of the selective estrogen receptor modulators and is often used to prevent and treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Because of the indirect impact on serum testosterone levels and the potential ability for performance enhancement, it is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). This study established a fast, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify total raloxifene (unchanged and glucuronidated) in human urine for doping analysis.