Two-stage bottom-up tiered approach combining several alternatives for identification of eye irritation potential of chemicals including insoluble or volatile substances.

For the assessment of eye irritation, one alternative test may not completely replace the rabbit Draize test. In the present study, we examined the predictive potential of a tiered approach analyzing the results from several alternatives (i.e.

A tiered approach combining the short time exposure (STE) test and the bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) assay for predicting eye irritation potential of chemicals.

For the evaluation of eye irritation, one in vitro alternative test may not completely replace the Draize test. Therefore, a tiered approach combining several in vitro assays, including cytotoxicity assays, is proposed in order to estimate the eye irritation potential of a wide range of chemical classes. The Short Time Exposure (STE) test, a relatively newer alternative eye irritation test, involves exposing Statens seruminstitut rabbit cornea (SIRC) cells for 5 min to two concentrations (5% and 0.

Pregnant women's awareness of sensitivity to cold (hiesho) and body temperature observational study: A comparison of Japanese and Brazilian women.

Background: Sensitivity to cold (hiesho) is a serious health problem in Japan, yet it is minimally understood within Western cultures. The purpose of this study was to clarify the divergence between pregnant Japanese woman living in Japan and pregnant Brazilian women living in Brazil in awareness of hiesho and differences between core body and peripheral temperatures.

Methods: The subjects of this study were 230 pregnant Japanese women living in Japan and 200 pregnant Brazilian women living in Brazil.

Absence of liver tumor-initiating activity of kojic acid in mice.

In order to evaluate the tumor-initiating activity of kojic acid (KA) in mouse liver, an in vivo initiation assay in liver was performed using partially hepatectomized mice. Male ICR mice were fed on a basal diet (BD) containing 0 or 3% KA for 4 weeks, followed by distilled water (DW) containing 0 or 500 ppm phenobarbital (PB) for 13 weeks. Two weeks after the treatment with PB, two-thirds partial hepatectomy was preformed in all mice in order to enhance the regeneration and proliferating activities of the hepatocytes.