Role of resistin in the porcine uterus: effects on endometrial steroidogenesis.

Context The adipose tissue produces adipokines - hormones essential to many biological functions, including reproduction. Aims We hypothesised that resistin, one of the adipokines, is present in the blood plasma, uterine luminal flushings (ULF) and uterus of pigs during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy, and that resistin influences uterine steroidogenesis. Methods This study aimed to determine the expression of resistin in the porcine endometrium and myometrium during the cycle and pregnancy by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot (WB).

Correction: Szymanska et al. The Effect of Visfatin on the Functioning of the Porcine Pituitary Gland: An In Vitro Study. 2023, 12, 2835.

In the original publication [...

Expression of the apelin system in the porcine pituitary during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy and the effect of apelin on LH and FSH secretion.

Reproductive success requires considerable energy investment. Research has shown that some adipokines, i.e.

Chemerin affects the cytokine production and the expression of their receptors in the porcine endometrium during early pregnancy and the estrous cycle: an in vitro study†.

Interactions between female metabolic status, immune response, and reproductive system functioning are complex and not fully understood. We hypothesized that chemerin, considered a hormonal link between the above-mentioned processes, influences endometrial functions, particularly cytokine secretion and signaling. Using porcine endometrial explants collected during early pregnancy and the estrous cycle, we investigated chemerin effects on the secretion of interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8), leukemia inhibitory factor, tumor necrosis factor α, transforming growth factor α, and protein abundances of their respective receptors.

Visfatin (NAMPT) affects global gene expression in porcine anterior pituitary cells during the mid-luteal phase of the oestrous cycle.

Background: The pituitary belongs to the most important endocrine glands involved in regulating reproductive functions. The proper functioning of this gland ensures the undisturbed course of the oestrous cycle and affects the female's reproductive potential. It is believed that visfatin, a hormone belonging to the adipokine family, may regulate reproductive functions in response to the female's metabolic state.

In vitro effect of visfatin on endocrine functions of the porcine corpus luteum.

Previously, we demonstrated the expression of visfatin in porcine reproductive tissues and its effect on pituitary endocrinology. The objective of this study was to examine the visfatin effect on the secretion of steroid (P, E) and prostaglandin (PGE, PGF), the mRNA and protein abundance of steroidogenic markers (STAR, CYP11A1, HSD3B, CYP19A1), prostaglandin receptors (PTGER2, PTGFR), insulin receptor (INSR), and activity of kinases (MAPK/ERK1/2, AKT, AMPK) in the porcine corpus luteum. We noted that the visfatin effect strongly depends on the phase of the estrous cycle: on days 2-3 and 14-16 it reduced P, while on days 10-12 it stimulated P.

Visfatin impact on the proteome of porcine luteal cells during implantation.

Visfatin (VIS) is a hormone belonging to the adipokines' group secreted mainly by the adipose tissue. VIS plays a crucial role in the control of energy homeostasis, inflammation, cell differentiation, and angiogenesis. VIS expression was confirmed in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis structures, as well as in the uterus, placenta, and conceptuses.

Apelin-13 modulates the endometrial transcriptome of the domestic pig during implantation.

Background: The peri-implantation period is a critical time during pregnancy that mostly defines the overall litter size. Most authors agree that the highest percentage of embryo mortality occurs during this time. Despite the brevity of the peri-implantation period, it is the most dynamic part of pregnancy in which the sequential and uninterrupted course of several processes is essential to the animal's reproductive success.

Visfatin Affects the Transcriptome of Porcine Luteal Cells during Early Pregnancy.

Visfatin/NAMPT (VIS), the hormone exerting a pleiotropic effect, is also perceived as an important factor in the regulation of reproductive processes and pregnancy maintenance. Previous studies confirmed its involvement in the control of porcine pituitary and ovary function. In this study, we hypothesized that VIS may affect the global transcriptome of luteal cells and thus regulate the functioning of the ovaries.

The Role of Adipokines in the Control of Pituitary Functions.

The pituitary gland is a key endocrine gland in all classes of vertebrates, including mammals. The pituitary gland is an important component of hypothalamus-pituitary-target organ hormonal regulatory axes and forms a functional link between the nervous system and the endocrine system. In response to hypothalamic stimuli, the pituitary gland secretes a number of hormones involved in the regulation of metabolism, stress reactions and environmental adaptation, growth and development, as well as reproductive processes and lactation.

The Effect of Visfatin on the Functioning of the Porcine Pituitary Gland: An In Vitro Study.

Visfatin (VIS), also known as nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Recently, VIS has been also recognized as an adipokine. Our previous study revealed that VIS is produced in the anterior and posterior lobes of the porcine pituitary.

Chemerin affects the expression of angiogenesis-related factors in the porcine endometrium during early pregnancy and the oestrous cycle: an study.

Context: The appropriate course of angiogenesis in the endometrium is crucial for pregnancy establishment and maintenance. Very little is known about the factors linking vessel formation and immune system functioning.

Aims: We hypothesised that chemerin, an adipokine known for its involvement in the regulation of energy balance and immunological functions, may act as a potent regulator of endometrial angiogenesis during early pregnancy in pigs.

Plasma level of omentin-1, its expression, and its regulation by gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropins in porcine anterior pituitary cells.

Omentin-1 (OMNT1) is an adipokine involved in the regulation of energy metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and reproduction. The present study was the first to investigate the plasma levels and expression of OMNT1 in the anterior pituitary (AP) gland on days 2-3, 10-12, 14-16, and 17-19 of the estrous cycle of normal-weight Large White (LW) and fat Meishan (MS) pigs. Next, we determined the effect of GnRH, LH, and FSH on the OMNT1 levels in cultured AP cells.

Visfatin in the porcine pituitary gland: expression and regulation of secretion during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy.

Visfatin is a multifunctional protein which, besides the control of energy homeostasis, seems to be also involved in the regulation of female fertility through the influence on the endocrine hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, including the pituitary. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of visfatin mRNA and protein in the anterior (AP) and posterior pituitary lobes of the pig during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. In AP, we also examined colocalisation of visfatin with pituitary tropic hormones.

Expression of visfatin in the ovarian follicles of prepubertal and mature gilts and in vitro effect of gonadotropins, insulin, steroids, and prostaglandins on visfatin levels.

Recent studies have demonstrated that visfatin participates in the regulation of female reproduction. Due to the lack of data concerning the level of visfatin in the ovarian follicles of pigs, one of the most economically important livestock species, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression and localisation of visfatin and the follicular fluid concentration in the ovarian follicles of prepubertal and mature gilts. We also aimed to examine the in vitro effects of gonadotropins (LH, FSH), insulin, progesterone (P), oestradiol (E), prostaglandin E (PGE) and F (PGF) on visfatin levels.

Adaptation of the Porcine Pituitary Transcriptome, Spliceosome and Editome during Early Pregnancy.

The physiological mechanisms of the porcine reproduction are relatively well-known. However, transcriptomic changes and the mechanisms accompanying transcription and translation processes in various reproductive organs, as well as their dependence on hormonal status, are still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to gain a principal understanding of alterations within the transcriptome, spliceosome and editome occurring in the pituitary of the domestic pig ( L.

Expression and regulation of visfatin/NAMPT in the porcine corpus luteum during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy.

Visfatin/NAMPT creates a hormonal link between energy metabolism and female reproduction. A recent study documented visfatin expression in the ovary and its action on follicular cells; however, the expression of visfatin in luteal cells is still unknown. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the transcript and protein expression of visfatin as well as its immunolocalization in the corpus luteum (CL) and to examine the involvement of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) in the regulation of visfatin level in response to LH, insulin, progesterone (P), prostaglandin E (PGE) and F (PGF).

The effect of oestradiol and progesterone on chemerin system expression in the porcine endometrium during early pregnancy and the mid-luteal phase of the oestrous cycle.

Chemerin is an adipokine which is the product of the RARRES2 gene expressed mainly in adipose tissue. This hormone exerts biological effects via three metabotropic receptors: chemokine like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1), and C-C chemokine receptor-like 2 (CCRL2). Chemerin exerts pleiotropic effects and participates in the regulation of many processes, such as blood pressure control, immune system regulation, inflammation, and angiogenesis.

Chemerin Effect on the Endometrial Proteome of the Domestic Pig during Implantation Obtained by LC-MS/MS Analysis.

Chemerin (CHEM) is a hormone mainly expressed in adipocytes involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis and inflammatory response. CHEM expression has been demonstrated in the structures of the porcine hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, as well as in the uterus, trophoblasts and conceptuses of pigs. In this study, we performed high-throughput proteomic analyses (liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS) to examine the influence of CHEM (400 ng/mL) on differentially regulated proteins (DRPs) in the porcine endometrial tissue explants during implantation (15 to 16 days of gestation).

Chemerin effect on transcriptome of the porcine endometrium during implantation determined by RNA-sequencing†.

It is well known that the body's metabolism and reproduction are closely related. Chemerin (CHEM) is one of many biologically active proteins secreted by the adipose tissue involved in the regulation of the energy homeostasis of the organism. In the present study, RNA-sequencing was performed to investigate the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and alternatively spliced (AS) transcripts in the cultured porcine endometrium exposed to chemerin for 24 hours (CHEM; 400 ng/mL) collected during the implantation period (15-16 days of gestation).

New Aspects of Corpus Luteum Regulation in Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Involvement of Adipokines and Neuropeptides.

The corpus luteum is a small gland of great importance because its proper functioning determines not only the appropriate course of the estrous/menstrual cycle and embryo implantation, but also the subsequent maintenance of pregnancy. Among the well-known regulators of luteal tissue functions, increasing attention is focused on the role of neuropeptides and adipose tissue hormones-adipokines. Growing evidence points to the expression of these factors in the corpus luteum of women and different animal species, and their involvement in corpus luteum formation, endocrine function, angiogenesis, cells proliferation, apoptosis, and finally, regression.

Chemerin Impact on Alternative mRNA Transcription in the Porcine Luteal Cells.

Chemerin participates in the regulation of processes related to physiological and disorder mechanisms in mammals, including metabolism, obesity, inflammation, and reproduction. In this study, we have investigated chemerin influence on alternative mRNA transcription within the porcine luteal cell transcriptome, such as differential expression of long non-coding RNAs (DELs) and their interactions with differentially expressed genes (DEGs), differences in alternative splicing of transcripts (DASs), and allele-specific expression (ASEs) related to the single nucleotide variants (SNVs) frequency. Luteal cells were collected from gilts during the mid-luteal phase of the oestrous cycle.

Chemerin Affects P and E Synthesis in the Porcine Endometrium during Early Pregnancy.

Chemerin, belonging to the adipokine family, exhibits pleiotropic activity. We hypothesised that the adipokine could be involved in the regulation of steroidogenesis in the porcine endometrium. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of chemerin on the key steroidogenic enzyme proteins' abundance (Western blot), as well as on P and E secretion (radioimmunoassay) by the porcine endometrium during early pregnancy and the mid-luteal phase of the oestrous cycle.

Effects of orexin A on PTGS2, PTGES, CBR1 and PGFS mRNA transcript abundances and prostaglandin E and F concentrations in culture medium of pig uterine explants collected during early gestation and the estrogenic cycle.

In this study, aims were to evaluate orexin A (OXA) effects on mRNA abundance of important enzymes involved in prostaglandin production, such as cyclooxygenase 2 (PTGS2), microsomal PGE synthase-1 (PTGES), PGF synthase (PGFS) and carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1), as well as prostaglandin E (PGE) and F (PGF) culture medium concentrations for endometrial and myometrial explants. Tissues were collected from gilts during specific phases of the estrogenic cycle or early gestational period. There were greater concentrations of PGE with OXA treatments of endometrial tissues collected on days 12-13 and 27-28, as well as PGF on days 10-11 of the gestational period.