A large scale multicentre randomized, placebo-controlled subcutaneous house dust mite allergen immunotherapy (HDM SCIT) in allergic rhinitis: MITAR Study.

Background: Previous house dust mite subcutaneous immunotherapy (HDM SCIT) placebo-controlled trials have small sample sizes and lack a consensus on baseline treatment.

Objective: To determine the efficacy of HDM SCIT in moderate-to-severe allergic rhinitis (AR) patients treated with an intranasal corticosteroid at baseline.

Methods: We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled trial comparing HDM SCIT against placebo in Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) sensitized.

Allergen-specific B cell responses in oral immunotherapy-induced desensitization, remission, and natural outgrowth in cow's milk allergy.

Background: Antigen-specific memory B cells play a key role in the induction of desensitization and remission to food allergens in oral immunotherapy and in the development of natural tolerance (NT). Here, we characterized milk allergen Bos d 9-specific B cells in oral allergen-specific immunotherapy (OIT) and in children spontaneously outgrowing cow's milk allergy (CMA) due to NT.

Methods: Samples from children with CMA who received oral OIT (before, during, and after), children who naturally outgrew CMA (NT), and healthy individuals were received from Stanford biobank.

B cell immune response to human bocaviruses.

Background: Human bocaviruses (HBoVs) have been demonstrated in respiratory and gastrointestinal infections; however, the immune response to them has not been studied in detail. In this study, we investigated the B cell immune responses to HBoV1 and HBoV2, representing two different species of bocaviruses in humans.

Methods: We analyzed the effects of stimulations with HBoV1 and 2 virus-like particles (VLPs) and of co-stimulation with HBoV1-rhinovirus (RV) on cells of the immune system by flow cytometry, transcriptomics, and luminometric immune assays.

Rural and urban exposures shape early life immune development in South African children with atopic dermatitis and nonallergic children.

Background: Immunological traits and functions have been consistently associated with environmental exposures and are thought to shape allergic disease susceptibility and protection. In particular, specific exposures in early life may have more significant effects on the developing immune system, with potentially long-term impacts.

Methods: We performed RNA-Seq on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 150 children with atopic dermatitis and healthy nonallergic children in rural and urban settings from the same ethnolinguistic AmaXhosa background in South Africa.

Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation in the Build-up Phase of House Dust Mite-Specific Immunotherapy.

Purpose: Vitamin D (VitD) is an immunomodulatory molecule capable of alleviating allergic symptoms. However, the effectiveness of allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is not commonly evidenced in the early build-up phase. The aim of the study was to determine the potential of VitD supplementation in this treatment phase.

A LILRB1 variant with a decreased ability to phosphorylate SHP-1 leads to autoimmune diseases.

Inborn errors of immunity are known to cause not only immunodeficiencies and allergies but also autoimmunity. Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B1 (LILRB1) is a receptor on leukocytes playing a role in regulating immune responses. No phenotypes have been reported to be caused by germline mutations in LILRB1.

Allergic Rhinitis: What Do We Know About Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy?

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an IgE-mediated disease that is characterized by Th2 joint inflammation. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is indicated for AR when symptoms remain uncontrolled despite medication and allergen avoidance. AIT is considered to have been effective if it alleviated allergic symptoms, decreased medication use, improved the quality of life even after treatment cessation, and prevented the progression of AR to asthma and the onset of new sensitization.

Successful treatment of atopic dermatitis with house dust mite sublingual immunotherapy tablets.

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease. Allergen-specific immunotherapy is a treatment option for selected patients with severe AD sensitization to house dust mites (HDM).

Objective: To report the first case of successful treatment with HDM sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) tablets in patients with severe AD.

Trained immunity and tolerance in innate lymphoid cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells during allergen-specific immunotherapy.

Background: Despite the efficacy of allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT), the role of trained immunity and tolerance in this process has not been elucidated.

Objective: Here, we have performed a comprehensive longitudinal analysis of the systemic innate immune cell repertoire during the course of AIT.

Methods: Patients with allergy received standard preseasonal subcutaneous AIT with allergoids to birch and/or grass.

The role of Treg cell subsets in allergic disease.

Allergic diseases are caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to an external substance that is normally not harmful to the body. An imbalance between type 2 immune response and regulatory T cells (Tregs) has been found to be effective in immunopathology of allergic diseases. Tregs can inhibit type 2 immune cells such as T helper 2 (Th2), type 2 innate lymphoid cells and IgE-producing B cells; meanwhile, they induce tolerogenic dendritic cells, regulatory B cells and IgG4-producing B cells.

Decreased of BAFF-R expression and B cells maturation in patients with hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma.

Background: Recent evidence has indicated the role of B cells and B cell-activating factor (BAFF) in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Aim: To characterize circulating BAFF receptor expression and B cell subpopulations in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC.

Methods: Peripheral blood samples collected from 41 patients with chronic HBV infection (25 patients without HCC and 16 patients with HCC) and 9 healthy controls were assessed for BAFF receptors [BAFF-R(B cell-activating factor receptor), transmembrane activator and cyclophilin ligand interactor, B-cell maturation antigen] and B cell subpopulations by multicolor flow cytometry.

Il-10 producing T and B cells in allergy.

The molecular and cellular mechanisms of allergen tolerance in humans have been intensively studied in the past few decades. The demonstration of epitope-specific T cell tolerance, particularly mediated by the immune suppressor functions of IL-10 led to a major conceptual change in this area more than 20 years ago. Currently, the known essential components of allergen tolerance include the induction of allergen-specific regulatory of T and B cells, the immune suppressive function of secreted factors, such as IL-10, IL-35, IL-1 receptor antagonist and TGF-β, immune suppressive functions of surface molecules such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, the production IgG4 isotype allergen-specific blocking antibodies, and decreased allergic inflammatory responses by mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils in inflamed tissues.

Immunologic mechanisms in asthma.

Asthma is a chronic airway disease, which affects more than 300 million people. The pathogenesis of asthma exhibits marked heterogeneity with many phenotypes defining visible characteristics and endotypes defining molecular mechanisms. With the evolution of novel biological therapies, patients, who do not-respond to conventional asthma therapy require novel biologic medications, such as anti-IgE, anti-IL-5 and anti-IL4/IL13 to control asthma symptoms.

Impact of high-altitude therapy on type-2 immune responses in asthma patients.

Background: Asthma patients present with distinct immunological profiles, with a predominance of type 2 endotype. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of high-altitude treatment on the clinical and immunological response in asthma.

Methods: Twenty-six hospitalized asthma patients (nine eosinophilic allergic; EA, nine noneosinophilic allergic; NEA and eight noneosinophilic nonallergic; NN) and nine healthy controls in high altitude for 21 days were enrolled in the study.

Role of Der p 1-specific B cells in immune tolerance during 2 years of house dust mite-specific immunotherapy.

Background: Long-term follow-up of allergen-specific B cells in terms of immunoglobulin isotype expression, plasmablast differentiation, and regulatory B (Breg) cell development during allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) has not been reported.

Objective: Allergen-specific B-cell responses during 2 years of house dust mite AIT were compared between responder and nonresponder patients.

Methods: B cells specific for Der p 1 were detected by using the fluorochrome-labeled allergen method.

Der p 1-specific regulatory T-cell response during house dust mite allergen immunotherapy.

Background: Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only available treatment for allergic diseases that can induce specific immune tolerance to allergens. The key mechanisms involved in this process include changes in allergen-specific regulatory T (Treg) cells.

Methods: We studied 25 allergic rhinitis patients undergoing subcutaneous house dust mite-specific immunotherapy.

Decreased CRTH2 Expression and Response to Allergen Re-stimulation on Innate Lymphoid Cells in Patients With Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy.

Purpose: Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic disease. However, the effect of allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) on ILCs remains to be clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of ILC subsets in allergic rhinitis (AR) patients in response to house dust mite (HDM)-specific immunotherapy.

Secreted IgD Amplifies Humoral T Helper 2 Cell Responses by Binding Basophils via Galectin-9 and CD44.

B cells thwart antigenic aggressions by releasing immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, IgA, and IgE, which deploy well-understood effector functions. In contrast, the role of secreted IgD remains mysterious. We found that some B cells generated IgD-secreting plasma cells following early exposure to external soluble antigens such as food proteins.