Primary arthrodesis versus open reduction internal fixation for acute Lisfranc injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: The presence of a Lisfranc injury alone is considered a surgical indication in most patients. Indications for primary arthrodesis (PA) versus open reduction internal fixation (ORIF), however, is a topic of debate among surgeons. Conflicting data exists as to which treatment modality leads to improved patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), reoperations, and complications.

An early, reversible cholesterolgenic etiology of diet-induced insulin resistance.

Objective: A buildup of skeletal muscle plasma membrane (PM) cholesterol content in mice occurs within 1 week of a Western-style high-fat diet and causes insulin resistance. The mechanism driving this cholesterol accumulation and insulin resistance is not known. Promising cell data implicate that the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) triggers a cholesterolgenic response via increasing the transcriptional activity of Sp1.

Methodology for dissolution of sediment and calcareous deposits for paleontological specimen collection and identification.

The Lance Creek Formation (Late Cretaceous) is significant in the study of late dinosaurs and is a diverse formation containing both terrestrial and aquatic macrofossils. To study this important ecosystem, all of the fossils present must be uncovered and examined from Lance Creek sedimentary rocks, which exhibit variable degrees of lithification. In order to liberate the fossils, a dissolution methodology was designed to determine which solution was most effective at uncovering specimens and dissolving/disaggregating sediment.

Excess membrane cholesterol is an early contributing reversible aspect of skeletal muscle insulin resistance in C57BL/6NJ mice fed a Western-style high-fat diet.

Skeletal muscle insulin resistance manifests shortly after high-fat feeding, yet mechanisms are not known. Here we set out to determine whether excess skeletal muscle membrane cholesterol and cytoskeletal derangement known to compromise glucose transporter (GLUT)4 regulation occurs early after high-fat feeding. We fed 6-wk-old male C57BL/6NJ mice either a low-fat (LF, 10% kcal) or a high-fat (HF, 45% kcal) diet for 1 wk.

Exercise training prevents skeletal muscle plasma membrane cholesterol accumulation, cortical actin filament loss, and insulin resistance in C57BL/6J mice fed a western-style high-fat diet.

Insulin action and glucose disposal are enhanced by exercise, yet the mechanisms involved remain imperfectly understood. While the causes of skeletal muscle insulin resistance also remain poorly understood, new evidence suggest excess plasma membrane (PM) cholesterol may contribute by damaging the cortical filamentous actin (F-actin) structure essential for GLUT4 glucose transporter redistribution to the PM upon insulin stimulation. Here, we investigated whether PM cholesterol toxicity was mitigated by exercise.

Effect of Corncob bedding on feed conversion efficiency in a high-fat diet-induced prediabetic model in C57Bl/6J mice.

Laboratory facilities use many varieties of contact bedding, including wood chips, paper products, and corncob, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Corncob bedding, for example, is often used because of its high absorbency, ability to minimize detectable ammonia, and low cost. However, observations that mice eat the corncob lead to concerns that its use can interfere with dietary studies.

Chromium enhances insulin responsiveness via AMPK.

Trivalent chromium (Cr(3+)) is known to improve glucose homeostasis. Cr(3+) has been shown to improve plasma membrane-based aspects of glucose transporter GLUT4 regulation and increase activity of the cellular energy sensor 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). However, the mechanism(s) by which Cr(3+) improves insulin responsiveness and whether AMPK mediates this action is not known.

Fat-induced membrane cholesterol accrual provokes cortical filamentous actin destabilisation and glucose transport dysfunction in skeletal muscle.

Aims/hypothesis: Diminished cortical filamentous actin (F-actin) has been implicated in skeletal muscle insulin resistance, yet the mechanism(s) is unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis that changes in membrane cholesterol could be a causative factor, as organised F-actin structure emanates from cholesterol-enriched raft microdomains at the plasma membrane.

Methods: Skeletal muscle samples from high-fat-fed animals and insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant human participants were evaluated.

Evidence coupling increased hexosamine biosynthesis pathway activity to membrane cholesterol toxicity and cortical filamentous actin derangement contributing to cellular insulin resistance.

Hyperinsulinemia is known to promote the progression/worsening of insulin resistance. Evidence reveals a hidden cost of hyperinsulinemia on plasma membrane (PM) phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2))-regulated filamentous actin (F-actin) structure, components critical to the normal operation of the insulin-regulated glucose transport system. Here we delineated whether increased glucose flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) causes PIP(2)/F-actin dysregulation and subsequent insulin resistance.

Munc18c phosphorylation by the insulin receptor links cell signaling directly to SNARE exocytosis.

How the Sec1/Munc18-syntaxin complex might transition to form the SNARE core complex remains unclear. Toward this, Munc18c tyrosine phosphorylation has been correlated with its dissociation from syntaxin 4. Using 3T3-L1 adipocytes subjected to small interfering ribonucleic acid reduction of Munc18c as a model of impaired insulin-stimulated GLUT4 vesicle exocytosis, we found that coordinate expression of Munc18c-wild type or select phosphomimetic Munc18c mutants, but not phosphodefective mutants, restored GLUT4 vesicle exocytosis, suggesting a requirement for Munc18c tyrosine phosphorylation at Tyr219 and Tyr521.

A history of cryptorchidism: lessons from the eighteenth century.

Purpose: John Hunter in 1786 opened the door to more than 200 years of study and discussion of the cryptorchid testis. We review the history that has brought us to our current surgical treatment of this condition.

Materials And Methods: We performed a review of the medical and historical surgical literature pertaining to cryptorchidism.

A novel membrane-based anti-diabetic action of atorvastatin.

We recently found that chromium picolinate (CrPic), a nutritional supplement thought to improve insulin sensitivity in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance, enhances insulin action by lowering plasma membrane (PM) cholesterol. Recent in vivo studies suggest that cholesterol-lowering statin drugs benefit insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant patients, yet a mechanism is unknown. We report here that atorvastatin (ATV) diminished PM cholesterol by 22% (P<0.

Antineoplastic agents. 536. New sources of naturally occurring cancer cell growth inhibitors from marine organisms, terrestrial plants, and microorganisms(1a,).

Bioassay-guided fractionation of extracts of various plants, marine organisms, and microorganisms has led to the discovery of new natural sources of a number of known compounds that have significant biological activity. The isolation of interesting and valuable cancer cell growth inhibitors including majusculamide C ( 1), axinastatin 5 ( 5), bengazoles A ( 6), B ( 7), and E ( 8), manzamine A ( 10), jaspamide ( 11), and neoechinulin A ( 19) has been summarized.

Antidiabetogenic effects of chromium mitigate hyperinsulinemia-induced cellular insulin resistance via correction of plasma membrane cholesterol imbalance.

Previously, we found that a loss of plasma membrane (PM) phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)-regulated filamentous actin (F-actin) structure contributes to insulin-induced insulin resistance. Interestingly, we also demonstrated that chromium picolinate (CrPic), a dietary supplement thought to improve glycemic status in insulin-resistant individuals, augments insulin-regulated glucose transport in insulin-sensitive 3T3-L1 adipocytes by lowering PM cholesterol. Here, to gain mechanistic understanding of these separate observations, we tested the prediction that CrPic would protect against insulin-induced insulin resistance by improving PM features important in cytoskeletal structure and insulin sensitivity.

Different ionic conditions prompt NHE2 and NHE3 translocation to the plasma membrane.

We tested whether NHE3 and NHE2 Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoforms were recruited to the plasma membrane (PM) in response to changes in ion homeostasis. NHE2-CFP or NHE3-CFP fusion proteins were functional Na(+)/H(+) exchangers when transiently expressed in NHE-deficient PS120 fibroblasts. Confocal morphometry of cells whose PM was labeled with FM4-64 measured the fractional amount of fusion protein at the cell surface.

Chromium picolinate positively influences the glucose transporter system via affecting cholesterol homeostasis in adipocytes cultured under hyperglycemic diabetic conditions.

Since trivalent chromium (Cr(3+)) enhances glucose metabolism, interest in the use of Cr(3+)as a therapy for type 2 diabetes has grown in the mainstream medical community. Moreover, accumulating evidence suggests that Cr(3+) may also benefit cardiovascular disease (CVD) and atypical depression. We have found that cholesterol, a lipid implicated in both CVD and neurodegenerative disorders, also influences cellular glucose uptake.

NHE2 is the main apical NHE in mouse colonic crypts but an alternative Na+-dependent acid extrusion mechanism is upregulated in NHE2-null mice.

The mechanism of apical Na(+)-dependent H(+) extrusion in colonic crypts is controversial. With the use of confocal microscopy of the living mouse distal colon loaded with BCECF or SNARF-5F (fluorescent pH sensors), measurements of intracellular pH (pH(i)) in epithelial cells at either the crypt base or colonic surface were reported. After cellular acidification, the addition of luminal Na(+) stimulated similar rates of pH(i) recovery in cells at the base of distal colonic crypts of wild-type or Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoform 2 (NHE2)-null mice.

Chromium activates glucose transporter 4 trafficking and enhances insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via a cholesterol-dependent mechanism.

Evidence suggests that chromium supplementation may alleviate symptoms associated with diabetes, such as high blood glucose and lipid abnormalities, yet a molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we report that trivalent chromium in the chloride (CrCl3) or picolinate (CrPic) salt forms mobilize the glucose transporter, GLUT4, to the plasma membrane in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Concomitant with an increase in GLUT4 at the plasma membrane, insulin-stimulated glucose transport was enhanced by chromium treatment.

Is long-term sonographic followup necessary after uncomplicated ureteral reimplantation in children?

Purpose: We examined the necessity of postoperative ultrasound following surgical correction of vesicoureteral reflux beyond initial postoperative assessment. The followup among children who have undergone correction of vesicoureteral reflux has varied, and currently there are no standards to document how long postoperative monitoring for hydronephrosis, renal scarring or renal growth should continue.

Materials And Methods: The study population included 128 children who underwent surgical correction of primary vesicoureteral reflux between 1992 and 2002.

Cyclooxygenase 1 is required for pH control at the mouse gastric surface.

Background: Endogenous cyclooxygenase (COX) activity is required to maintain a relatively alkaline surface pH at the gastric luminal surface.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine which COX isoform, COX-1 or COX-2, is responsible for regulating the protective surface pH gradient and to test if COX inhibitors also had non-COX mediated effects in vivo.

Methods: Immunofluorescence and western blot analysis showed constitutive expression of both COX isoforms in the normal mouse stomach.

Antineoplastic agents. 380. Isolation and X-ray crystal structure determination of isoaaptamine from the Republic of Singapore Hymeniacidon sp. and conversion to the phosphate prodrug hystatin 1.

By use of bioassay (murine P388 lymphocytic leukemia cell line) guided isolation procedures, extracts of the Republic of Singapore marine sponge Hymeniacidon sp. were found to contain demethyloxyaaptamine (1) and aaptamine (3) as prominent cancer cell growth inhibitory constituents accompanied by the trace, albeit more active, component isoaaptamine (4). The isolation, X-ray structure elucidation, and antineoplastic and antimicrobial activities of isoaaptamine (4) have been summarized.

Antineoplastic agents. 522. Hernandia peltata (Malaysia) and Hernandia nymphaeifolia (Republic of Maldives).

Bioassay (P388 lymphocytic leukemia cell line and human tumor cell lines)-guided separation of the extracts prepared from the tropical and coastal trees Hernandia peltata (Malaysia) and Hernandianymphaeifolia (Republic of Maldives) led to the isolation of a new lignan designated as hernanol (1) and 12 previously known lignans: (-)-deoxypodophyllotoxin (2), deoxypicropodophyllin (3), (+)-epiaschantin (4), (+)-epieudesmin (5), praderin (6), 5'-methoxyyatein (7), podorhizol (8), deoxypodorhizone (9), bursehernin (10), kusunokinol (11), clusin (12), and (-)-maculatin (13). The oxidative cyclization (with VOF(3)) of lignans 8, 9, and 10 resulted in a new and unusual benzopyran (14), isostegane (15), and a new dibenzocyclooctadiene lactone (16), respectively. The structure and relative stereochemistry of hernanol (1) and lignans 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 were determined by 1D and 2DNMR and HRMS analyses.

Antineoplastic agents. 520. Isolation and structure of irciniastatins A and B from the Indo-Pacific marine sponge Ircinia ramosa.

The Indo-Pacific marine sponge Ircinia ramosa has been found to contain two powerful (GI50 from 0.001 to <0.0001 microg/mL) murine and human cancer cell growth inhibitors.

Prescrotal orchiopexy: an alternative surgical approach for the palpable undescended testis.

Purpose: Inguinal exploration has been a standard approach for the management of palpable undescended testis. We performed prescrotal orchiopexy in patients with palpable undescended testes at our institution and we report our results.

Materials And Methods: We reviewed the charts of patients with palpable undescended testes treated with prescrotal orchiopexy from 1999 to 2002.