Sleep Is a Human Right, and Its Deprivation Is Torture.

Sleep is integral to human health and well-being; it is recognized as a fundamental right by international bodies. Nevertheless, deliberate sleep deprivation is frequently employed as a form of torture, violating the right to health. Legal cases such as LeMaire v Maass, Ireland v UK, and Huertas v Secretary Pennsylvania Dept of Corrections illustrate the varying interpretations of sleep deprivation as torture or cruel and unusual punishment.

North Atlantic meltwater during Heinrich Stadial 1 drives wetter climate with more atmospheric rivers in western North America.

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) bring concentrated rainfall and flooding to the western United States (US) and are hypothesized to have supported sustained hydroclimatic changes in the past. However, their ephemeral nature makes it challenging to document ARs in climate models and estimate their contribution to hydroclimate changes recorded by time-averaged paleoclimate archives. We present new climate model simulations of Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1; 16,000 years before the present), an interval characterized by widespread wetness in the western US, that demonstrate increased AR frequency and winter precipitation sourced from the southeastern North Pacific.

Tropical mountain ice core δO: A Goldilocks indicator for global temperature change.

Very high tropical alpine ice cores provide a distinct paleoclimate record for climate changes in the middle and upper troposphere. However, the climatic interpretation of a key proxy, the stable water oxygen isotopic ratio in ice cores (δO), remains an outstanding problem. Here, combining proxy records with climate models, modern satellite measurements, and radiative-convective equilibrium theory, we show that the tropical δO is an indicator of the temperature of the middle and upper troposphere, with a glacial cooling of -7.

Silky Liquid Metal Electrodes for On-Skin Health Monitoring.

Next generation on-skin electrodes will require soft, flexible, and gentle materials to provide both high-fidelity sensing and wearer comfort. However, many commercially available on-skin electrodes lack these key properties due to their use of rigid hardware, harsh adhesives, uncomfortable support structures, and poor breathability. To address these challenges, this work presents a new device paradigm by joining biocompatible electrospun spider silk with printable liquid metal to yield an incredibly soft and scalable on-skin electrode that is strain-tolerant, conformable, and gentle on-skin.

Deciphering local and regional hydroclimate resolves contradicting evidence on the Asian monsoon evolution.

The winter and summer monsoons in Southeast Asia are important but highly variable sources of rainfall. Current understanding of the winter monsoon is limited by conflicting proxy observations, resulting from the decoupling of regional atmospheric circulation patterns and local rainfall dynamics. These signals are difficult to decipher in paleoclimate reconstructions.

Two annual cycles of the Pacific cold tongue under orbital precession.

The Pacific cold tongue annual cycle in sea surface temperature is presumed to be driven by Earth's axial tilt (tilt effect), and thus its phasing should be fixed relative to the calendar. However, its phase and amplitude change dramatically and consistently under various configurations of orbital precession in several Earth System models. Here, we show that the cold tongue possesses another annual cycle driven by the variation in Earth-Sun distance (distance effect) from orbital eccentricity.

Mechanical integrated circuit materials.

Recent developments in autonomous engineered matter have introduced the ability for intelligent materials to process environmental stimuli and functionally adapt. To formulate a foundation for such an engineered living material paradigm, researchers have introduced sensing and actuating functionalities in soft matter. Yet, information processing is the key functional element of autonomous engineered matter that has been recently explored through unconventional techniques with limited computing scalability.

Textile-Integrated Liquid Metal Electrodes for Electrophysiological Monitoring.

Next generation textile-based wearable sensing systems will require flexibility and strength to maintain capabilities over a wide range of deformations. However, current material sets used for textile-based skin contacting electrodes lack these key properties, which hinder applications such as electrophysiological sensing. In this work, a facile spray coating approach to integrate liquid metal nanoparticle systems into textile form factors for conformal, flexible, and robust electrodes is presented.

T405, a New Penem, Exhibits Efficacy against M. abscessus and Synergy with β-Lactams Imipenem and Cefditoren.

Mycobacteroides abscessus () is an emerging environmental microbe that causes chronic lung disease in patients with compromised lung function such as cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis. It is intrinsically resistant to most antibiotics, therefore there are only few antibiotics that can be repurposed to treat disease. Although current recommendations require daily intake of multiple antibiotics for more than a year, cure rate is low and often associated with significant adverse events.

Potency of Omadacycline against Mycobacteroides abscessus Clinical Isolates and in a Mouse Model of Pulmonary Infection.

The incidence of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases in the United States is rising and has surpassed that of tuberculosis. Most notable among the nontuberculous mycobacteria is Mycobacteroides abscessus, an emerging environmental opportunistic pathogen capable of causing chronic infections. M.

3D-Printed Self-Healing Elastomers for Modular Soft Robotics.

Advances in materials, designs, and controls are propelling the field of soft robotics at an incredible rate; however, current methods for prototyping soft robots remain cumbersome and struggle to incorporate desirable geometric complexity. Herein, a vat photopolymerizable self-healing elastomer system capable of extreme elongations up to 1000% is presented. The material is formed from a combination of thiol/acrylate mixed chain/step-growth polymerizations and uses a combination of physical processes and dynamic-bond exchange via thioethers to achieve full self-healing capacity over multiple damage/healing cycles.

Digital logic gates in soft, conductive mechanical metamaterials.

Integrated circuits utilize networked logic gates to compute Boolean logic operations that are the foundation of modern computation and electronics. With the emergence of flexible electronic materials and devices, an opportunity exists to formulate digital logic from compliant, conductive materials. Here, we introduce a general method of leveraging cellular, mechanical metamaterials composed of conductive polymers to realize all digital logic gates and gate assemblies.

Gallium-indium nanoparticles as phase change material additives for tunable thermal fluids.

One of the most critical limitations for high-power electronics today is thermal management and routing thermal energy efficiently away from thermally sensitive components. A potential solution to this problem is the integration of cooling channels in close proximity to thermally sensitive materials for increased heat removal efficiency. These channels typically use single phase fluids (liquid), dual phase fluids (vapor-liquid), or suspended organic/polymer phase change material particles in a fluid (PCM slurry).

Past climates inform our future.

As the world warms, there is a profound need to improve projections of climate change. Although the latest Earth system models offer an unprecedented number of features, fundamental uncertainties continue to cloud our view of the future. Past climates provide the only opportunity to observe how the Earth system responds to high carbon dioxide, underlining a fundamental role for paleoclimatology in constraining future climate change.

Graphene-based encapsulation of liquid metal particles.

Liquid metals are a promising functional material due to their unique combination of metallic properties and fluidity at room temperature. They are of interest in wide-ranging fields including stretchable and flexible electronics, reconfigurable devices, microfluidics, biomedicine, material synthesis, and catalysis. Transformation of bulk liquid metal into particles has enabled further advances by allowing access to a broader palette of fabrication techniques for device manufacture or by increasing area available for surface-based applications.

Oxidation of Gallium-based Liquid Metal Alloys by Water.

Gallium alloys with other low melting point metals, such as indium or tin, to form room-temperature liquid eutectic systems. The gallium in the alloys rapidly forms a thin surface oxide when exposed to ambient oxygen. This surface oxide has been previously exploited for self-stabilization of liquid metal nanoparticles, retention of metastable shapes, and imparting stimuli-responsive behavior to the alloy surface.

Past and future decline of tropical pelagic biodiversity.

A major research question concerning global pelagic biodiversity remains unanswered: when did the apparent tropical biodiversity depression (i.e., bimodality of latitudinal diversity gradient [LDG]) begin? The bimodal LDG may be a consequence of recent ocean warming or of deep-time evolutionary speciation and extinction processes.

Inhibition of ErbB kinase signalling promotes resolution of neutrophilic inflammation.

Neutrophilic inflammation with prolonged neutrophil survival is common to many inflammatory conditions, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There are few specific therapies that reverse neutrophilic inflammation, but uncovering mechanisms regulating neutrophil survival is likely to identify novel therapeutic targets. Screening of 367 kinase inhibitors in human neutrophils and a zebrafish tail fin injury model identified ErbBs as common targets of compounds that accelerated inflammation resolution.

Chemically modifying the mechanical properties of core-shell liquid metal nanoparticles.

Eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) is a room temperature liquid metal that can be readily fabricated into nanoparticles which naturally form a thin, passivating gallium oxide shell. These core-shell nanoparticles are of interest for a variety of stimuli-responsive applications, which often utilize physical deformation of the particles to release the molten, conductive payload from within the gallium oxide shell. In the present work, we introduce a variety of chemical strategies to produce EGaIn nanoparticles which exhibit a wide range of gallium oxide shell thicknesses.

Mechanoresponsive Polymerized Liquid Metal Networks.

Room-temperature liquid metals, such as nontoxic gallium alloys, show enormous promise to revolutionize stretchable electronics for next-generation soft robotic, e-skin, and wearable technologies. Core-shell particles of liquid metal with surface-bound acrylate ligands are synthesized and polymerized together to create cross-linked particle networks comprising >99.9% liquid metal by weight.

Patterning and Reversible Actuation of Liquid Gallium Alloys by Preventing Adhesion on Rough Surfaces.

This work reports a simple approach to form, study, and utilize rough coatings that prevent the adhesion of gallium-based liquid metal alloys. Typically, liquids with large interfacial tension do not wet nonreactive surfaces, regardless of surface topography. However, these alloys form a surface oxide "skin" that adheres to many substrates, even those with low surface energy.

Control of Gallium Oxide Growth on Liquid Metal Eutectic Gallium/Indium Nanoparticles via Thiolation.

Eutectic gallium-indium alloy (EGaIn, a room-temperature liquid metal) nanoparticles are of interest for their unique potential uses in self-healing and flexible electronic devices. One reason for their interest is due to a passivating oxide skin that develops spontaneously on exposure to ambient atmosphere which resists deformation and rupture of the resultant liquid particles. It is then of interest to develop methods for control of this oxide growth process.

Oxide-Free Actuation of Gallium Liquid Metal Alloys Enabled by Novel Acidified Siloxane Oils.

Electrowetting and electrocapillarity of liquid metals have a long history, and a recent explosion of renewed interest. Liquid metals have electromagnetic properties and surface tensions (>500 mN/m) that enable new forms of reconfigurable devices. However, the only nontoxic option, gallium alloys, suffer from immediate formation of a semirigid surface oxide.

Response to Comment on "Long-term climate forcing by atmospheric oxygen concentrations".

Goldblatt argues that a decrease in pressure broadening of absorption lines in an atmosphere with low oxygen leads to an increase in outgoing longwave radiation and atmospheric cooling. We demonstrate that cloud and water vapor feedbacks in a global climate model compensate for these decreases and lead to atmospheric warming.