[Changing trend of four immune-related diseases in Ningxia].

Objective: To understand the changing trends of immune-related diseases. Disease patterns from both pre-and post-immunization plan and after the immunization program were described, in order to provide evidence for the formulation and revision of immunization program and policy, in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.

Methods: According to the time order descriptive method was used to analyze and compare the reported data on infectious diseases in Ningxia, between 1958 and 2014.

Winged Pea Aphids Can Modify Phototaxis in Different Development Stages to Assist Their Host Distribution.

The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), shows wing polyphenism (winged and wingless morphs) in its life cycle. The winged morph is adapted for dispersal; its two developmental adult stages (for dispersal and reproduction) are based on its breeding periods. The two morphs show different phototactic behavior and the winged can change its preference to light according to the developmental stages.

Synthesis of C60-Fused Tetrahydrocarbazole/Dibenzothiophene/Benzothiophene and Dibenzofuran Derivatives via Metal-Free Oxidative Dehydrogenative Carboannulation.

A transition-metal-free oxidative dehydrogenative coupling reaction has been developed for the direct construction of novel C60-fused tetrahydrocarbazoles, dibenzothiophenes, benzothiophenes, and dibenzofurans. This new carboannulation reaction features high atom economy, operational simplicity, broad substrate scope, and excellent functional-group tolerance and provides a convenient access to a scarce class of fullerene derivatives.

Cytochrome P450 gene, CYP4G51, modulates hydrocarbon production in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum.

Terrestrial insects deposit a layer of hydrocarbons (HCs) as waterproofing agents on their epicuticle. The insect-specific CYP4G genes, subfamily members of P450, have been found in all insects with sequenced genomes to date. They are critical for HC biosynthesis in Drosophila; however, their functional roles in other insects including the piercing-sucking hemipterous aphids remain unknown.

Resistance of Wheat Accessions to the English Grain Aphid Sitobion avenae.

The English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae, is a major pest species of wheat crops; however, certain varieties may have stronger resistance to infestation than others. Here, we investigated 3 classical resistance mechanisms (antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance) by 14 wheat varieties/lines to S. avenae under laboratory and field conditions.

Nitrogen hurdle of host alternation for a polyphagous aphid and the associated changes of endosymbionts.

Low proportion of essential amino acids (EAAs) is one of the barriers for animals to use phloem as a diet. Endosymbionts with EAAs synthesis functions are considered crucial for ameliorating the lack of EAAs in insects' diets. In this study, we transferred the insects from a cabbage-reared Myzus persicae population onto 3 new plant species including eggplant, tobacco and spinach.

Leaf Morphological Characters Can Be a Factor for Intra-Varietal Preference of Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) among Eggplant Varieties.

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) MEAM1, is considered a serious pest of horticultural and many other crops. While eggplant (Solanum melongena) is one of the most favored host plants, the whiteflies exhibit preferences among different varieties. We hypothesized that certain morphological leaf characteristics of different varieties, like leaf trichome density, trichome length, leaf lamina thickness and leaf color, may affect whitefly landing, feeding and oviposition.

Laboratory bioassays on the impact of cadmium, copper and lead on the development and survival of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) larvae and foragers.

Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) have been widely distributed around the world to serve as pollinators for agriculture. They can encounter metal pollutants through various routes of exposure, including foraging on contaminated plant resources.

Pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum sequesters plant-derived secondary metabolite L-DOPA for wound healing and UVA resistance.

Herbivores can ingest and store plant-synthesized toxic compounds in their bodies, and sequester those compounds for their own benefits. The broad bean, Vicia faba L., contains a high quantity of L-DOPA (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine), which is toxic to many insects.

Brief Heat Stress Negatively Affects the Population Fitness and Host Feeding of Aphelinus asychis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) Parasitizing Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

Aphelinus asychis Walker (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a polyphagous parasitoid, has been widely used as a biological control agent against Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and other aphid species. In order to ensure the successful biological control of M. persicae, we evaluated the influence of brief heat stresses (32.

The green peach aphid Myzus persicae perform better on pre-infested Chinese cabbage Brassica pekinensis by enhancing host plant nutritional quality.

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer, is a notorious pest on vegetables, which often aggregates in high densities on crop leaves. In this study, we investigated whether M. persicae could suppress the resistance level of Chinese cabbage Brassica pekinensis.

Insulin-Related Peptide 5 is Involved in Regulating Embryo Development and Biochemical Composition in Pea Aphid with Wing Polyphenism.

In aphids there is a fecundity-dispersal trade-off between wingless and winged morphs. Recent research on the molecular mechanism of wing morphs associated with dispersal reveals that insulin receptors in the insulin signaling (IS) pathway regulate alternation of wing morphs in planthoppers. However, little is known about whether genes in the IS pathway are involved in developmental regulation in aphid nymphs with different wing morphs.

Four-year follow-up of corneal aberrations and visual functions of myopic patients after laser in situ keratomileusis.

Objective: To report on 4-year follow-up of corneal higher-order aberrations and daily visual functions of myopic patients after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK).

Methods: One hundred thirty four eyes of 67 patients who underwent LASIK guided by aspherical ablation were included in this study. The vision, corneal spherical aberration (SphA) and Coma were recorded before LASIK and at 6 month and 4 year after LASIK.

Evaluation of the reference genes for expression analysis using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae.

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera, Aphididae), is an important cosmopolitan pest. Real time qRT-PCR has been used for target gene expression analysis on M. persicae.

Testing the fecundity advantage hypothesis with Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi, and Schizaphis graminum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) feeding on ten wheat accessions.

The fecundity advantage hypothesis suggests that females with a large body size produce more offspring than smaller females. We tested this hypothesis by exploring the correlations between life-history traits of three aphid species feeding on ten wheat accessions at three levels of analysis with respect to the host plant: overall, inter-accession, and intra-accession. We found that fecundity was significantly correlated with mean relative growth rate (MRGR), weight gain, and development time, and that the faster aphid develops the greater body and fecundity, depending on aphid species, wheat accession, and analyses level.

Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus GP64 protein: Analysis of domain I and V amino acid interactions and membrane fusion activity.

The Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus GP64 is a class III viral fusion protein. Although the post-fusion structure of GP64 has been solved, its pre-fusion structure and the detailed mechanism of conformational change are unknown. In GP64, domain V is predicted to interact with two domain I segments that flank fusion loop 2.

Ferric Perchlorate Promoted Reaction of [60]Fullerene with N-Sulfonyl Aldimines: Synthesis and Functionalization of Fulleroxazolidines.

The rare fulleroxazolidines 2 were successfully synthesized by the facile ferric perchlorate promoted reaction of [60]fullerene with various N-sulfonyl aldimines 1. Further functionalization of fulleroxazolidines by arenes in the presence of boron trifluoride afforded 1,4-bisarylation products 4. A possible reaction mechanism for the formation of the fulleroxazolidines is proposed.

Silver(I)-mediated three-component annulation reaction of [60]fullerene, sulfonylhydrazones, and nitriles: leading to diverse disubstituted [60]fullerene-fused dihydropyrroles.

A novel Ag(I)-induced three-component annulation reaction of [60]fullerene with sulfonylhydrazones and nitriles has been developed for the efficient synthesis of diverse disubstituted [60]fullerene-fused dihydropyrroles. The reaction exhibits a broad substrate scope and excellent functional-group tolerance, and also allows for the synthesis of fullerene-bound macromolecules.

[Correlation Study on Pathological Characteristics of Target Organs and Excess Evil Syndrome in IgA Nephropathy].

Objective: To explore the correlation between pathological characteristics of target organs and excess evil syndrome in IgA nephropathy.

Methods: Data were collected in multicenter cooperation. Totally 266 IgA nephropathy patients were typed into exogenous wind-heat affection syndrome (49 cases), lower energizer damp-heat syndrome (100 cases), damp-phlegm syndrome (43 cases), and blood stasis syndrome (74 cases).

Robust self-cleaning and micromanipulation capabilities of gecko spatulae and their bio-mimics.

Geckos have the extraordinary ability to prevent their sticky feet from fouling while running on dusty walls and ceilings. Understanding gecko adhesion and self-cleaning mechanisms is essential for elucidating animal behaviours and rationally designing gecko-inspired devices. Here we report a unique self-cleaning mechanism possessed by the nano-pads of gecko spatulae.

Recombinant Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus with arthropod-specific neurotoxin gene RjAa17f from Rhopalurus junceus enhances the virulence against the host larvae.

A recombinant Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) expressing the insect-selective neurotoxin (RjAa17f) from Cuban scorpion Rhopalurus junceus was constructed by replacing the UDP-glucosyltransferase gene (egt) using λ-red homologous recombination system. Another egt deleted control HearNPV was constructed in a similar way by inserting egfp gene into the egt locus. One-step viral growth curve and viral DNA replication curve analysis confirmed that the recombination did not affect the viral growth and DNA replication in host cells.

Physiological and transcriptional regulation in poplar roots and leaves during acclimation to high temperature and drought.

To elucidate the physiological and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that underlie the responses of poplars to high temperature (HT) and/or drought in woody plants, we exposed Populus alba × Populus tremula var. glandulosa saplings to ambient temperature (AT) or HT under 80 or 40% field capacities (FC), or no watering. HT increased the foliar total carbon (C) concentrations, and foliar δ(13) C and δ(18) O.

Intestinal Microbiota Metabolism and Atherosclerosis.

Objective: This review aimed to summarize the relationship between intestinal microbiota metabolism and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to propose a novel CVD therapeutic target.

Data Sources: This study was based on data obtained from PubMed and EMBASE up to June 30, 2015. Articles were selected using the following search terms: "Intestinal microbiota", "trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)", "trimethylamine (TMA)", "cardiovascular", and "atherosclerosis".

Metal contaminant accumulation in the hive: Consequences for whole-colony health and brood production in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.).

Metal pollution has been increasing rapidly over the past century, and at the same time, the human population has continued to rise and produce contaminants that may negatively impact pollinators. Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) forage over large areas and can collect contaminants from the environment.

[New Implementation Technique of USED Phase Matching for CARS].

Phase matching is one of the key techniques in temperature measuring by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS). In order to overcome the disadvantages of large background radiation, inconvenient adjusting and low-usage of Stokes laser energy in traditional unstable-resonator spatially enhanced detection (USED) phase matching, new implementation technique of USED CARS phase matching is researched. A piece of oblique reflector, which is as big as the Stokes spot and with an angle of 45 degrees, was used to replace the annular reflector in traditional USED to reflect the Stokes fully.