Parvalbumin interneuron activity in autism underlies susceptibility to PTSD-like memory formation.

A rising concern in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the heightened sensitivity to trauma, the potential consequences of which have been overlooked, particularly upon the severity of the ASD traits. We first demonstrate a reciprocal relationship between ASD and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and reveal that exposure to a mildly stressful event induces PTSD-like memory in four mouse models of ASD. We also establish an unanticipated consequence of stress, as the formation of PTSD-like memory leads to the aggravation of core autistic traits.

Incidence and characteristics of childhood- and youth-onset diabetes in the Qalandarabad area in northern Pakistan.

Objectives: Determine the types, incidence, mortality rate, and clinical status of youth diabetes at Bach Christian Hospital (BCH), Qalandarabad, Pakistan.

Methods: Analysis of incidence and mortality data of all patients (<25 year (y)) diagnosed from January 2014-June 2019, and also analysis of clinical status of patients < 25y seen in 2018/2019.

Results: Ninety-three patients were seen over the study period.

Roux-Y Gastric Bypass: an effective anti-reflux procedure.

Gastric limiting procedures have made an improvement in the lives of those patients in whom they have been successful. Not only have there been marked improvements in diabetes, hypertension, and arthritis, but there have been a number a number of other 'spin-offs', not the least of which is control of reflux esophagitis by totally eliminating the secretion of the parietal cell mass of the stomach from rising into the esophagus. We compared a group of 100 obese patients with reflux esophagitis who underwent Roux-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) to a normalisized group of 23 patients on whom we had done Nissen fundoplications in the past.