Tetrodotoxin (TTX), an extremely potent low-molecular-weight neurotoxin, is widespread among marine animals including ribbon worms (Nemertea). Previously, studies on the highly toxic palaeonemertean cf. showed that toxin-positive structures are present all over its body and are mainly associated with glandular cells and epithelial tissues.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe toxic ribbon worm, Cephalothrix cf. simula (Palaeonemertea, Nemertea), possesses extremely high concentrations of tetrodotoxin (TTX). Although TTX has been found in the eggs of this species, the fate of the toxin in the ontogeny of the animal has not been explored.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBivalves, such as are used as indicator organisms to monitor the state of the marine environment. Even though hemocytes are known to play a key role in the adaptive and protective mechanisms of bivalves, these cells are poorly studied in horse-mussel . In this paper, we present classification of horse-mussel hemocytes based on their immune functions, including the production of specific immune-related molecules, as well as their morphological composition after isolation by density gradient centrifugation.
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