PD-L1 expression in high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer is not a biomarker of response to BCG.

Purpose: Up to 50% of high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC) patients fail Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) treatment, resulting in a high risk of progression and poor clinical outcomes. Biomarkers that predict outcomes after BCG are lacking. The antitumor effects of BCG are driven by a cytotoxic T cell response, which may be controlled by immune checkpoint proteins like Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1).

Human enteric glia diversity in health and disease: new avenues for the treatment of Hirschsprung disease.

Background And Aims: The enteric nervous system (ENS), comprised of neurons and glia, regulates intestinal motility. Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) results from defects in ENS formation, yet while neuronal aspects have been extensively studied, enteric glia remain disregarded. This study aimed to explore enteric glia diversity in health and disease.

The First Lugano Workshop on the role of adenomyosis in ART.

Adenomyosis is an important clinical condition with uncertain prevalence, and clinical focus on adenomyosis in patients undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) has increased during recent years. Recognizing the limited clinical knowledge on the impact of adenomyosis on ART outcomes, the First Lugano Adenomyosis Workshop was a symposium involving experts in the field of adenomyosis, covering basic research, imaging, surgery and infertility to highlight current advances and future research areas over a wide range of topics related to adenomyosis. Adenomyosis is characterized by altered oestrogen and progesterone signalling pathways.