Wheat Antipodal Cells with Polytene Chromosomes in the Embryo Sac Are Key to Understanding the Formation of Grain in Cereals.

The ultrastructure of antipodal cells of the embryo sac was studied at different stages of differentiation and programmed cell death. The importance of cell function in the antipodal complex is evidenced by the fact that it is fully formed before double fertilization, past the stages of proliferation of three initial cells, and several rounds of genome endoreduplication during differentiation. In this study, we showed that the actively synthesizing organelles, the granular reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, alter their structure during differentiation and death.

Structure of antipodal cells nuclei of wheat embryo sac during programmed cell death.

During antipodal cells PCD, polytene chromosomes rearrangement, segregation of nucleoli components and extrusion of nuclear components occur, cytochrome c is released from the mitochondria and DNA breaks appear. We studied in detail the nuclei of cells of the antipodal complex of wheat embryo sac (Triticum aestivum L.) during programmed cell death (PCD).

[Ultrasonic echolocation of soft tissues in dogs during decompression].

Ultrasonic location of femoral soft tissues of anesthetized dogs was performed using a modified unit UZKAP-3. The animals were exposed to 0.5 mPa for 2 hours and then to decompression to sea level pressure.