The swelling behaviour of hair studied through the structural change of keratin protein during the permanent waving treatment.

Filament of human hair is formed from α-keratin protein and its physical property is predominantly dominated by the structure of microfibril (also known as intermediate filaments (IF)). It is known that human hair is swollen by permanent waving (pw) treatment which consists of the reducing process and following oxidizing process, but a detail in the swelling behaviour remains still unclarified. The present work was devoted to the analysis of the swelling behaviour of hair through the structural change of IF during pw treatment, where 1.

An ulvophycean marine green alga produces large parthenogenetic isogametes as predicted by the gamete dynamics model for the evolution of anisogamy.

In eukaryotes, gamete size difference between the two sexes (anisogamy) evolved from gametes of equal size in both mating types (isogamy). The gamete dynamics (GD) model for anisogamy evolution combines gamete limitation and competition and predicts that if gametes of both mating types can develop parthenogenetically (i.e.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of fast electron heating in solid-density matter via XFEL.

High-intensity, short-pulse lasers are crucial for generating energetic electrons that produce high-energy-density (HED) states in matter, offering potential applications in igniting dense fusion fuels for fast ignition laser fusion. High-density targets heated by these electrons exhibit spatially non-uniform and highly transient conditions, which have been challenging to characterize due to limitations in diagnostics that provide simultaneous high spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we employ an X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) to achieve spatiotemporally resolved measurements at sub-micron and femtosecond scales on a solid-density copper foil heated by laser-driven fast electrons.