Polycystic ovary syndrome: Criteria, phenotypes, race and ethnicity.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrinopathy, which leads to ovulation dysfunction and infertility, as well as metabolic and mental disorders. Women with PCOS exhibit several characteristic symptoms, with marked heterogeneity across different races and ethnicities.

Methods: In this review, the author outlines the phenotypic disparities of PCOS among various racial and ethnic populations.

Sound levels in the operating theatre resulting from hammering during cementless total hip arthroplasty.

Background: Although hearing loss in orthopaedic surgeons from exposure to hammering sounds have been previously reported, there are no reports on the noise environment during total hip arthroplasty (THA) in Japan. The aim of this study was to investigate the sound level generated by cementless THA in Japan, and to discuss the broader sound environment within this space.

Methods: 94 cementless THAs (94 patients with informed consent) performed by four surgeons were included.

GATA4 binding to the Sox9 enhancer mXYSRa/Enh13 is critical for testis differentiation in mouse.

In mammals, SOX9/Sox9 expression in embryonic gonads is essential for male gonadal sex determination. Multiple enhancers of Sox9 have been identified, of which the mXYSRa/Enh13 enhancer plays a crucial role in mice. SOX9 and SRY binding sites within the enhancer have been identified as functional.

Treatment strategies for advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer using immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Doxorubicin + cisplatin and paclitaxel + carboplatin are standard chemotherapy regimens for endometrial cancer. The development of PD-1 and PDL-1 antibody drugs has led to the use of these agents for endometrial cancer in other countries. The KEYNOTE-775 trial for advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer demonstrated the benefits of pembrolizumab and lenvatinib combination therapy, and the results of this trial led to the approval of its coverage for recurrent cancer by the Japanese health insurance system.

Aortic valve repair with sinus plication for a regurgitant bicuspid aortic valve: a case report.

Background: Repair of the regurgitant bicuspid aortic valve is an attractive alternative to valve replacement. Although good long-term outcomes have been reported, postoperative aortic stenosis remains a major late cause of repair failure in bicuspid aortic valves. Sinus plication is effective for creating a more symmetrical commissural angle, leading to a decrease in the mean transvalvular pressure gradient.