Tuning Hole-Injection in Organic-Light Emitting Diodes with Self-Assembled Monolayers.

Improving hole injection through the surface modification of indium tin oxide (ITO) with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is a promising method for modulating the carrier injection in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, developing SAMs with the required characteristics remains a daunting challenge. Herein, we functionalize ITO with various phosphonic acid SAMs and evaluate the SAM-modified anodes in terms of their work function (WF), molecular distribution, coverage, and electrical conductivity.

The Vicia faba lipoxygenase gene VfLOX1 is expressed in the root nodule parenchyma.

A full-length cDNA encoding the broad bean lipoxygenase VfLOX1 was isolated from a nodule cDNA library. The VfLOX1 gene was strongly expressed in nodules, and only weakly in roots. VfLOX1 transcripts were localized in the nodule parenchyma and in the cells surrounding the root stele.