Neuronal mechanism of innate rapid processing of threating animacy cue in primates: insights from the neuronal responses to snake images.

To survive in nature, it is crucial for animals to promptly and appropriately respond to visual information, specifically to animacy cues that pose a threat. The subcortical visual pathway is thought to be implicated in the processing of visual information necessary for these responses. In primates, this pathway consists of retina-superior colliculus-pulvinar-amygdala, functioning as a visual pathway that bypasses the geniculo-striate system (retina-lateral geniculate nucleus-primary visual cortex).

Multidisciplinary treatment of giant thymoma, paving the way to complete surgical resection: a case report.

Background: A multidisciplinary treatment approach is recommended for patients with extensive, advanced, or recurrent thymomas. However, detailed treatment strategies, such as chemotherapy regimens and optimal surgical procedures, are still under debate.

Case Presentation: We report a case of gigantic locally advanced thymoma.

A Case of Incidentally Discovered Congenital Complete Pericardial Defect during Lobectomy for Lung Cancer: A Case Report and Literature Review.

An 82-year-old male patient underwent a left upper lobectomy with anterolateral thoracotomy for lung cancer. Although a complete left-pericardial defect was observed during surgery, the pericardial repair was not performed because the left lower lobe remained and the heart was considered stable. Postoperative pathological examination revealed primary synchronous double-lung squamous-cell carcinoma (pathological stage pT2a(2)N0M0 stage IB).

Characterization of Ultrasonic Vocalization-Modulated Neurons in Rat Motor Cortex Based on Their Activity Modulation and Axonal Projection to the Periaqueductal Gray.

Vocalization, a means of social communication, is prevalent among many species, including humans. Both rats and mice use ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in various social contexts and affective states. The motor cortex is hypothesized to be involved in precisely controlling USVs through connections with critical regions of the brain for vocalization, such as the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG).