[Phrenic nerve stimulation in biventricular cardiac pacemakers].

Background: Phrenic nerve stimulation (PNS) complicates the positioning of the left ventricle lead. We present a step-by-step approach to correct PNS during implantation, as established in our daily routine.

Methods: The incidence of PNS, its successful correction, and long-term results (median 27 months) were analyzed retrospectively in 266 lead positions.

Interpretation of the results of Doppler ultrasound flow volume measurements of infrainguinal vein bypasses.

Objectives: To evaluate a pattern for the interpretation of the results of intraoperative Doppler ultrasound flow volume measurement of infrainguinal vein bypasses.

Design: Retrospective analysis of prospective data.

Materials: 91 consecutively performed infrainguinal non-reversed free vein bypasses.

The evaluation of run-off prior to infra-inguinal bypass reconstruction - a modified scoring system based on flow measurement.

Objectives: To compare angiographic scoring and flow measurements in the assessment of run-off prior infra-inguinal bypass.

Patients And Methods: In a series of 108 consecutive infra-inguinal bypasses, run-off was scored on the basis of pre- and post-operative angiograms and related to intra- and post-operative flow rates as determined by Doppler ultrasonography.

Results: There was a highly significant correlation between the angiographic score and flow (p = 0.

Indications for directed thrombolysis or new bypass in treatment of occlusion of lower extremity arterial bypass reconstruction.

The long-term results after directed thrombolytic therapy for thrombosis of infrainguinal arterial bypass reconstructions are disappointing if broad indications are applied. This work presents criteria for determining the indications for thrombolysis or the insertion of a new bypass. In a retrospective study we compared the secondary cumulative patency after bypass thrombolysis (n = 82) and after replacement bypass (n = 143).

[Pacemaker in therapy of heart failure--biventricular stimulation].

The management of congestive heart failure remains a therapeutic challenge despite recent advances in drug therapy, including ACE inhibitors, beta blockade and spironolacton treatment. Patients affected with the disease still have a restricted quality of life and a poor prognosis in the long run. Epidemiologically, the incidence and prevalence are increasing due to improved survival from both coronary artery disease and arterial hypertension.