Establishing best practices in large language model research: an application to repeat prompting.

Objectives: We aimed to demonstrate the importance of establishing best practices in large language model research, using repeat prompting as an illustrative example.

Materials And Methods: Using data from a prior study investigating potential model bias in peer review of medical abstracts, we compared methods that ignore correlation in model outputs from repeated prompting with a random effects method that accounts for this correlation.

Results: High correlation within groups was found when repeatedly prompting the model, with intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.

Effects of Arthroscopic Surgery and Non-Surgical Therapy on Hip Contact Forces in Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome.

Introduction: We compared the 12-months effects of arthroscopic surgery and physiotherapist-led care for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome on the time-varying magnitude of hip contact force and muscle contributions to hip contact force during walking.

Methods: Secondary analysis was performed on thirty-seven individuals with FAI syndrome who received biomechanical assessment before and 12-months following either arthroscopic surgery (n = 17) or physiotherapist-led care (Personalised Hip Therapy, PHT) (n = 20). At both time points, three-dimensional whole-body motions, ground reaction forces, and surface electromyograms (n = 14) were acquired during overground walking.

Tumor-specific antibodies elicited by engineered bacteria promote bladder cancer immunotherapy.

The intratumoral microbiome has recently emerged as a new hallmark of cancer, with implications for response or resistance to therapy. While bacteria can either promote or inhibit cancer growth, intratumoral bacteria can also be engineered using synthetic biology to remodel the tumor microenvironment. Here, we engineered the probiotic bacterium Nissle 1917 (EcN) to express the human chemokine CXCL13, a critical component of germinal center (GC) formation.

Programmable bacteria synergize with PD-1 blockade to overcome cancer cell-intrinsic immune resistance mechanisms.

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a potent cytokine critical for response to immunotherapy, yet conventional methods to systemically deliver this cytokine have been hindered by severe dose-limiting toxicities. Here, we engineered a strain of probiotic bacteria that home to tumors and locally release IFN-γ. A single intratumoral injection of these IFN-γ-producing bacteria was sufficient to drive systemic tumor antigen-specific antitumor immunity, without observable toxicity.