Histomorphological analysis of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system in Macaca mulatta species.

Introduction: The superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) is a well described facial functional unit in humans. SMAS connects mimic musculature to the skin having many implication in facial mimic expression. One of the various morphological and physiological analogies in human and Macaca mulatta species is the facial mimic.

Immunohistochemical evidence of striated muscle cells within midfacial superficial musculoaponeurotic system.

Introduction: The superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) is a controversial functional fibro-adipose layer that connects the mimic muscles to the skin and is involved in a variety of facial mimic expressions. The presence of muscle fibers within SMAS fibrous septa is hypothetical. The present study analyzed SMAS fibrous septa composition for the existence of striated muscle cells.

Platysma and the cervical superficial musculoaponeurotic system - Comparative analysis of facial crease and platysmal band development.

Objective: The superficial musculoaponeurotic system connects the mimic muscles to the skin, allowing mimic expressions with regional morphological architectural differences. The aim of this study was to perform an architectural analysis of the cervical platysma-skin interaction, determine the morphological implications in platysmal band development and compare the findings to the facial SMAS architectural types.

Method: Full-thickness blocks of skin, SMAS and platysma from seven hemifaces (three male and two female) and full-thickness blocks of skin, SMAS and mimic muscles of the periorbital, perioral, forehead and midfacial regions from six hemifaces (three male and three female) of donor bodies were collected postmortem.

Facial fold and crease development: A new morphological approach and classification.

Facial folds and creases are established descriptive anatomical terms for structures of which the morphological characteristics and origins are not clearly defined. The aim of this study was to perform a morphological investigation of the nasolabial fold (NLF), mandibular fold (MF), deep transverse forehead (DTFC), infraorbital fold (IOF) and upper eyelid fold (UEF), correlating their phenotypes to differences in the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), noting morphological differences and similarities. Full-graft tissue blocks of skin, subcutaneous tissue, and mimic muscles collected postmortem were studied histologically.

Histological, SEM and three-dimensional analysis of the midfacial SMAS - New morphological insights.

Introduction: The superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) of the midface has a complex morphological architecture, and a multitude of controversial opinions exist regarding its in vitro appearance and clinical relevance. The aim of this study was to investigate the three-dimensional architecture of the midfacial SMAS.

Method: Histological and SEM analyses were performed on tissue blocks of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and mimic musculature of the midfacial region between the anterior parotid gland pole and lateral to the nasolabial fold and tissue blocks of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and parotid fascia.