Oral Hygiene and Handwashing Practices among Middle School Students in 15 Latin American and Caribbean Countries.

Objective: To examine the relationship between infrequent toothbrushing and infrequent handwashing among middle school students from 15 Latin American and Caribbean countries (Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uruguay).

Methods: A secondary analysis was done of nationally-representative data from 33 174 middle school students who participated in the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) between 2006 and 2011.

Results: In all 15 countries, the association between rarely brushing or cleaning teeth and rarely handwashing after using the toilet was significant for both boys and girls.

Oral hygiene practices among middle-school students in 44 low- and middle-income countries.

Objective: To examine the frequency of toothbrushing or cleaning among middle school students from 44 low- and middle-income countries.

Methods: Secondary analysis of nationally representative data from 146,462 middle school students who participated in the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) between 2003 and 2010.

Results: In 39 of the 44 countries, more than 80% of students reported brushing or cleaning their teeth at least once each day.

Calcium-selective electrode based on a calix[4]arene tetraphosphine oxide.

A new ligand capable of producing calcium-selective electrodes with excellent characteristics is presented. The ligand (1) is a calix[4]arene bearing phosphine oxide ligating groups on the lower rim and this is the first report that such ligands can discriminate in favour of calcium ions against magnesium ions and the alkali metal ions. This calcium selectivity is in complete contrast to the behaviour of the well-known calix[4]arene tetraester derivatives (such as 2) which are selective for sodium against other alkali metal ions and group II ions.

Management and prognosis of life-threatening bleeding during warfarin therapy. National Consortium of Anticoagulation Clinics.

Background: The incidence of explicity defined life-threatening bleeding during warfarin sodium therapy is largely unknown, as are the prognosis for and treatment of patients who have such bleeding. In addition, the location of the source of the life-threatening bleeding and the risk factors associated with life-threatening bleeding are not well-defined.

Objectives: To determine the incidence of explicitly defined life-threatening bleeding during warfarin therapy, to identify the site of bleeding, to determine the risk factors for life-threatening bleeding, and to determine the risk of subsequent bleeding among patients receiving warfarin therapy.

Pulmonary function response to equivalent doses of ozone consequent to intermittent and continuous exercise.

The effects on pulmonary function of inhaling the same effective dose of ozone, as well as subjective responses during continuous exercise and intermittent exercise, were studied in 12 aerobically trained men. Each subject completed 1 h of continuous exercise at work rates that elicited a mean minute ventilation of 60 l/min, and two additional 2-h intermittent exercise exposures eliciting a mean exercise minute ventilation of 45-47 l/min (i.e.