Estimation of a preliminary therapeutic reference range for children and adolescents with tic disorders treated with tiapride.

Purpose: Tiapride is commonly used in Europe for the treatment of tics. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between dose and serum concentrations of tiapride and potential influential pharmacokinetic factors in children and adolescents. In addition, a preliminary therapeutic reference range for children and adolescents with tics treated with tiapride was calculated.

Ibuprofen during gestation prevents some changes in physical and reflex development in offspring in a model of hyperleucinemia and maternal inflammation.

Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) is caused by a severe deficiency in the branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase complex activity. Patients MSUD accumulate the branched-chain amino acids leucine (Leu), isoleucine, valine in blood, and other tissues. Leu and/or their branched-chain α-keto acids are linked to neurological damage in MSUD.

Creatine plus pyruvate supplementation prevents oxidative stress and phosphotransfer network disturbances in the brain of rats subjected to chemically-induced phenylketonuria.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the most common inborn error of amino acid metabolism. Usually diagnosed within the first month of birth, it is essential that the patient strictly follow the dietary restriction of natural protein intake. Otherwise, PKU impacts the development of the brain severely and may result in microcephaly, epilepsy, motor deficits, intellectual disability, and psychiatric and behavioral disorders.

Neuroprotective Effect of Creatine and Pyruvate on Enzyme Activities of Phosphoryl Transfer Network and Oxidative Stress Alterations Caused by Leucine Administration in Wistar Rats.

Maple syrup urine disease is an autosomal metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex activity. In this disease occur the accumulation of the branched-chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine and their corresponding branched-chain α-keto acids in the tissues and body fluids. The affected patients may present psychomotor development delay and mental retardation.