HLA-E/ specific CD4 and CD8 T cells have a memory phenotype in individuals with TB infection.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is the deadliest infectious disease worldwide and novel vaccines are urgently needed. HLA-E is a virtually monomorphic antigen presentation molecule and is not downregulated upon HIV co-infection. HLA-E restricted specific CD8 T cells are present in the circulation of individuals with active TB (aTB) and infection (TBI) with or without HIV co-infection, making HLA-E restricted T cells interesting vaccination targets for TB.

Intradermal versus subcutaneous immunization: Effects of administration route using a lipid-PLGA hybrid nanoparticle tuberculosis vaccine.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, latently affecting around a quarter of the global population. The sole licensed TB vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), shows variable efficacy, particularly among adolescents and adults, underscoring the pressing need for more effective vaccination strategies. The administration route is crucial for vaccine efficacy, and administration via the skin, being rich in immune cells, may offer advantages over conventional subcutaneous routes, which lack direct access to abundant antigen-presenting cells.

A Versatile, Low-Cost Modular Microfluidic System to Prepare Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) Nanoparticles With Encapsulated Protein.

Objective: Microfluidics has emerged as a promising technique to prepare nanoparticles. However, the current microfluidic devices are mainly chip-based and are often integrated into expensive systems that lack on-the-spot versatility. The aim of this study was to set up a modular microfluidic system based on low-cost capillaries and reusable, easy-to-clean building blocks that can prepare poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles with and without incorporated water-soluble biomacromolecules.

Mycobacteria develop biofilms on airway epithelial cells and promote mucosal barrier disruption.

Tuberculosis displays several features commonly linked to biofilm-associated infections, including recurrence of infection and resistance to antibiotic treatment. The respiratory epithelium represents the first line of defense against pathogens such as (Mtb). Here, we use an air-liquid interface model of human primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC) to explore the capability of four species of mycobacteria (Mtb, (BCG), and ) to form biofilms on airway epithelial cells.