Cage-Shaped Borate Catalysts Bearing Precisely Controlled Lewis Acidity and Their Application in Glycosylations.

Cage-shaped borates, whose Lewis acidity can be precisely modulated by the structural attributes of the triphenolic ligands, were employed as catalysts for glycosylation. Each cage-shaped borate displayed distinctive reactivity; thus, screening of the borate catalysts enabled controllable activation of glycosyl fluorides under mild conditions. Practical glycosylation was achieved by fine-tuning the Lewis acidity tailored to the substrate reactivity, thereby providing a versatile method applicable to the synthesis of complex glycans.

Mechanism of antibacterial property of micro scale rough surface formed by fine-particle bombarding.

Fine-particle bombardment (FPB) is typically used to modify metal surfaces by bombarding them with fine particles at high speed. FPB is not a coating technique but is used for forming microscale concavities and convexities on a surface. Previously, we reported that an FPB-treated surface showed antibacterial effects; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

Distribution of alpha-synuclein in rat salivary glands.

Expression of alpha-synuclein (Syn), a presynaptic neuronal protein, was immunohistochemically examined in intact rat submandibular, sublingual, and lingual glands. The submandibular gland contained abundant periductal Syn-immunoreactive (-ir) nerve fibers. Abundant Syn-ir varicosities were present in acini of the sublingual and serous lingual glands.

Optimization of a fast deuterium diagnostic method based on visible energetic 3He spectroscopy for high electron density plasmas.

Fast ions play a crucial role in plasma heating, and their behavior in the plasma must be accurately understood. A diagnostics method based on charge exchange emission from the n = 4 - 3 transition (λ0 = 468.6 nm) of energetic 3He produced by the deuteron-deuteron reaction has been proposed as a for fast deuterons with energies in the order of MeV.

Evaluation of stabilization status of the landfill layers by comparing long-term monitoring data of methane emission with FOD model estimate.

Long-term monitoring and treatment of landfill leachate (LFL) and landfill gas (LFG) is required until landfilled municipal solid waste (MSW) is sufficiently stabilized and post-closure care can be terminated. Monitoring data of methane (CH) emissions in LFG from a marine landfill over 30 years were compared with the IPCC first order decay (FOD) model estimates. The observed changes in CH showed a similar attenuation trend to the estimates, but the observed CH emissions were only about 30% of the estimate over 30 years; LFL is considered to be another pathway for organic carbon to be released to the environment, but the total organic carbon in discharged LFL was only about 0.