Application of Bayesian methods to accelerate rare disease drug development: scopes and hurdles.

Background: Design and analysis of clinical trials for rare and ultra-rare disease pose unique challenges to the practitioners. Meeting conventional power requirements is infeasible for diseases where sample sizes are inherently very small. Moreover, rare disease populations are generally heterogeneous and widely dispersed, which complicates study enrollment and design.

Detection of carbonate, phosphate minerals and cyanobacteria in rock from the Tomtor deposit, Russia, by Raman spectroscopy.

Samples of rock from the Tomtor Nb - REE (rare-earth elements) deposit (Russia) have been investigated by Raman micro-spectroscopy using visible 532 nm wavelength excitation. Raman spectra of different samples of this rock confirm their composition as calcites and other carbonates such as rhodochrosite, and mixed solid solution phases (Ca, Mn, Fe, Mg, Ba, Sr, REE)(CO). An association between cyanobacteria and the apatite crystals has been noted Cyanobacteria exhibited Raman modes at 1520-1517 cm located in the double bonds of the central part of the polyene chain of carotenoids.

Author Correction: Ctenophore relationships and their placement as the sister group to all other animals.

In the version of this Article originally published the location of Punta Arenas was incorrect and should have read 'Chile' in Figures 3-5 and in the Supplementary Information. This has been corrected in all versions of the Article.