Importance: Epidural analgesia is used by approximately 70% of birthing persons in the US to alleviate labor pain and is a common cause of elevated temperature in the birthing parent during labor, which, in turn, is associated with adverse neonatal outcomes such as hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).
Objective: To determine whether epidural analgesia is associated with increased risk of HIE after adjusting for the birthing person's maximal temperature before epidural placement and for the propensity to get an epidural.
Design, Setting, And Participants: This retrospective, population-based cohort study was conducted at 15 Kaiser Permanente Northern California hospitals.
Objective: This study aimed to examine the trends in gender, ethnicity and less-than-full-time (LTFT) training in reconstructive plastic surgery from 2009 to 2020 in the UK by comparing them to overall surgical specialties.
Methods: We analysed NHS Digital workforce data from 2009 to 2020 by examining trends in gender, ethnicity and LTFT working among reconstructive plastic surgery consultants and registrars and comparing them to overall surgical specialties. Data were analysed using linear regression models.