Differential effects of statins on the anti-dyskinetic activity of sub-anesthetic ketamine.

Sub-anesthetic ketamine has been demonstrated to reduce abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) in preclinical models of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) and retrospective Parkinson's disease (PD) case reports. In this study, we examined the effects on LID of two different statins alone and in combination with ketamine in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned male rats, the standard model for preclinical LID studies. Ketamine attenuated the development of AIMs, while the non-polar lovastatin only showed anti-dyskinetic activity early in the priming period but did not prevent the development of LID, and the polar pravastatin showed no anti-dyskinetic activity.

Extrasinusoidal macrophages are a distinct subset of immunologically active dural macrophages.

Although macrophages in the meningeal compartments of the central nervous system (CNS) have been comprehensively characterized under steady state, studying their contribution to physiological and pathological processes has been hindered by the lack of specific targeting tools in vivo. Recent findings have shown that the dural sinus and its adjacent lymphatic vessels act as a neuroimmune interface. However, the cellular and functional heterogeneity of extrasinusoidal dural macrophages outside this immune hub is not fully understood.

Differential effects of statins on the anti-dyskinetic activity of sub-anesthetic ketamine.

Sub-anesthetic ketamine has been demonstrated to reduce abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) in preclinical models of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) and retrospective Parkinson's disease case reports. In this study, we examined the effects on L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia of two statins alone and in combination with ketamine in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned male rats, the standard preclinical LID model. Sub-anesthetic ketamine attenuated the development of AIMs, while lovastatin only showed anti-dyskinetic activity at the beginning of the priming but did not prevent the development of LID.

Decoupling of motor cortex to movement in Parkinson's dyskinesia rescued by sub-anaesthetic ketamine.

Gamma band and single-unit neural activity in primary motor cortex (M1) are involved in the control of movement. This activity is disrupted in Parkinson's disease (PD) and levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID), a debilitating consequence of dopamine replacement therapy for PD. Physiological features of LID include pathological narrowband gamma oscillations, finely tuned gamma (FTG), and altered M1 firing activity.