The role of host autophagy in intracellular protozoan parasites diseases.

Intracellular protozoan parasites are the etiologic agents of important human diseases, like malaria, Chagas disease, toxoplasmosis, and leishmaniasis. Inside host cells, these parasites manipulate the host metabolism and intracellular trafficking for their own benefits and, inevitably, induce several stress response mechanisms. In this review, we discuss autophagy as a stress response mechanism that can be both (i) explored by these intracellular parasites to acquire nutrients and (ii) to restrict parasite proliferation and survival within host cells.

Low-power red laser and blue LED modulate telomere maintenance and length in human breast cancer cells.

Cancer cells have the ability to undergo an unlimited number of cell divisions, which gives them immortality. Thus, the cancer cell can extend the length of its telomeres, allowing these cells to divide unlimitedly and avoid entering the state of senescence or cellular apoptosis. One of the main effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) is the increase in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and free radicals, mainly reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Guideline From the Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology and Brazilian College of Surgeons in Preventing and Managing Acute Hypoparathyroidism After Thyroid Surgery.

The risk of hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcemia is a critical concern in thyroid surgery. Preserving parathyroid gland vascularization during surgery is essential for effective prevention. Preoperative and postoperative management, including calcium and Vitamin D supplementation, is paramount.