Infant Microbiota Communities and Human Milk Oligosaccharide Supplementation Independently and Synergistically Shape Metabolite Production and Immune Responses in Healthy Mice.

Background: Multiple studies have demonstrated associations between the early-life gut microbiome and incidence of inflammatory and autoimmune disease in childhood. Although microbial colonization is necessary for proper immune education, it is not well understood at a mechanistic level how specific communities of bacteria promote immune maturation or drive immune dysfunction in infancy.

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to assess whether infant microbial communities with different overall structures differentially influence immune and gastrointestinal development in healthy mice.

Microbiota from human infants consuming secretors or non-secretors mothers' milk impacts the gut and immune system in mice.

Unlabelled: Maternal secretor status is one of the determinants of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) composition, which, in turn, influences the gut microbiota composition of infants. To understand if this change in gut microbiota impacts immune cell composition, intestinal morphology, and gene expression, 21-day-old germ-free C57BL/6 mice were transplanted with fecal microbiota from infants whose mothers were either secretors (SMM) or non-secretors (NSM) or from infants consuming dairy-based formula (MFM). For each group, one set of mice was supplemented with HMOs.

Colonic epithelial hypoxia remains constant during the progression of diabetes in male UC Davis type 2 diabetes mellitus rats.

Introduction: Colonocyte oxidation of bacterial-derived butyrate has been reported to maintain synergistic obligate anaerobe populations by reducing colonocyte oxygen levels; however, it is not known whether this process is disrupted during the progression of type 2 diabetes. Our aim was to determine whether diabetes influences colonocyte oxygen levels in the University of California Davis type 2 diabetes mellitus (UCD-T2DM) rat model.

Research Design And Methods: Age-matched male UCD-T2DM rats (174±4 days) prior to the onset of diabetes (PD, n=15), within 1 month post-onset (RD, n=12), and 3 months post-onset (D3M, n=12) were included in this study.

Case report: A case of oviductal and uterine leiomyosarcoma in an 11-year-old dog.

An 11-year-old, intact female Pomeranian dog was presented for evaluation due to an 18-h history of anorexia and lethargy. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a 3×3 cm mass of mixed echogenicity at the level of the left ovary. At laparotomy, a 5 mm mass was identified at the cranial region of the right uterine horn and a 3 cm round mass was visualized near the cranial aspect of the left uterine horn.