Unexpected asymmetric distribution of cholesterol and phospholipids in equilibrium model membranes.

Lipid compositional asymmetry across the leaflets of the plasma membrane is an ubiquitous feature in eukaryotic cells. How this asymmetry is maintained is thought to be primarily controlled by active transport of lipids between leaflets. This strategy is facilitated by the fact that long-tail phospholipids and sphingolipids diffuse through the lipid bilayer slowly-taking many hours or days.

Exploring variations in recommended first-choice therapy for complicated urinary tract infections in males: Insights from outpatient settings across age, race, and ethnicity.

Introduction: There are known disparities in the treatment of infectious diseases. However, disparities in treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) are largely uninvestigated.

Objectives: We characterized UTI treatment among males in Veterans Affairs (VA) outpatient settings by age, race, and ethnicity and identified demographic characteristics predictive of recommended first-choice antibiotic therapy.

Advancements in Novel Live Biotherapeutic Products for Clostridioides difficile Infection Prevention.

The profound impact of the human microbiome on health and disease has captivated the interest of clinical and scientific communities. The human body hosts a vast array of microorganisms collectively forming the human microbiome, which significantly influences various physiological processes and profoundly shapes overall well-being. Notably, the gut stands out as an exceptional reservoir, harboring the most significant concentration of microorganisms, akin to an organ in itself.

Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Measure Cell Surface Protein Levels of Human Interferon-Lambda Receptor 1.

Type III interferons (IFN-lambdas, IFN-λs) are important antiviral cytokines that can also modulate immune responses by acting through a heterodimeric receptor composed of the specific and limited expressed IFN-λR1 chain and the ubiquitous IL-10R2 chain, which is shared with IL-10 family cytokines. Conflicting data have been reported regarding which cells express the IFN-λR1 subunit and directly respond to IFN-λs. This is, in part, owing to transcript levels of the IFN-λR1 gene, , not always correlating with cell surface protein levels.

Comparison of measurement systems for assessing number- and mass-based particle filtration efficiency.

The particle filtration efficiency (PFE) of a respirator or face mask is one of its key properties. While the physics of particle filtration results in the PFE being size-dependent, measurement standards are specified using a single, integrated PFE, for simplicity. This integrated PFE is commonly defined concerning either the number (NPFE) or mass (MPFE) distribution of particles as a function of size.