Images: Polysomnographic artifact in a patient with Tourette syndrome.

Unlabelled: Patients with Tourette syndrome frequently have sleep disturbances that may require polysomnographic testing. The use of deep brain stimulators is increasing with expanding indications including children with medically intractable Tourette syndrome. It is important to understand the effect the stimulator can have on polysomnographic monitoring.

Postoperative Analgesia with Intrathecal Nalbuphine versus Intrathecal Fentanyl in Cesarean Section: A Double-Blind Randomized Comparative Study.

Background: Nalbuphine when used as adjuvant to hyperbaric bupivacaine has improved the quality of perioperative analgesia with fewer side effects. Fentanyl is a lipophilic opioid with a rapid onset following intrathecal injection. It does not cause respiratory depression and improves duration of sensory anesthesia without producing significant side effects.

Toe walking after three: how serious could it be?

A 4-year-old girl with no significant medical or family history presented with toe walking, leg pain, unsteady gait and frequent falls for 2 months. Examination revealed upper motor neuron signs in the lower extremities. Laboratory tests were normal including creatinephosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase.

Preemptive Analgesia by Intraperitoneal Instillation of Ropivacaine in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.

Background: Preemptive analgesia has the potential to be more effective than a similar analgesic treatment initiated after surgery as it reduces immediate postoperative pain as well as chronic pain.

Aim: To study the efficacy of preemptive analgesia with intraperitoneal instillation of ropivacaine in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).

Materials And Methods: This prospective randomized double-blind study was conducted on patients undergoing LC.

Comparison of Postoperative Pain After Epidural Anesthesia Using 0.5%, 0.75% Ropivacaine and 0.5% Bupivacaine in Patients Undergoing Lower Limb Surgery: A Double-Blind Study.

Background: Ropivacaine (S (-)-1-propyl-2", 6"; pipecoloxylidide hydrochloride) a newer long-acting amide local anesthetic has various clinical and pharmacokinetic advantages over bupivacaine.

Aims: The aim of this study is to compare the onset as well as the duration of sensory block, hemodynamic variables, and postoperative analgesia with 0.5%, 0.