The relationship between Quality and Outcomes Framework scores and socioeconomic deprivation: a longitudinal study.

Background: The Quality Outcomes Framework (QOF) is a pay incentive scheme in England designed to improve and standardise general practice. QOF attainment has been used as a proxy for primary care quality in previous research.

Aim: To investigate whether there is a relationship between socioeconomic deprivation and QOF attainment in primary care in England.

Publisher Correction: Critical Southern Ocean climate model biases traced to atmospheric model cloud errors.

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Critical Southern Ocean climate model biases traced to atmospheric model cloud errors.

The Southern Ocean is a pivotal component of the global climate system yet it is poorly represented in climate models, with significant biases in upper-ocean temperatures, clouds and winds. Combining Atmospheric and Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (AMIP5/CMIP5) simulations, with observations and equilibrium heat budget theory, we show that across the CMIP5 ensemble variations in sea surface temperature biases in the 40-60°S Southern Ocean are primarily caused by AMIP5 atmospheric model net surface flux bias variations, linked to cloud-related short-wave errors. Equilibration of the biases involves local coupled sea surface temperature bias feedbacks onto the surface heat flux components.

Polar Climate Change as Manifest in Atmospheric Circulation.

Purpose Of Review: Dynamic manifestations of climate change, i.e. those related to circulation, are less well understood than are thermodynamic, or temperature-related aspects.

Cross-disciplinarity in the advance of Antarctic ecosystem research.

The biodiversity, ecosystem services and climate variability of the Antarctic continent and the Southern Ocean are major components of the whole Earth system. Antarctic ecosystems are driven more strongly by the physical environment than many other marine and terrestrial ecosystems. As a consequence, to understand ecological functioning, cross-disciplinary studies are especially important in Antarctic research.