Modeling brain pathology to study nose-to-brain drug delivery.

Objectives: To create a new mucoadhesive dosage form based on PluronicF127 followed by transformation into a gel form upon intranasal administration for targeted delivery to brain tissueMETHODS: Citicoline, cytidine diphosphocholine, designated as CDP-choline, was purchased as a white powder with the molecular weight of 510.31 g/mol. The triblock copolymers of polyethylene glycol-block-polypropylene glycol-block-polyethylene glycol (PEG-PPG-PEG), branded as Pluronic F127, was used.

Validation of the Kazakh version of the movement disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale.

Background And Purpose: The International Movement Disorder Society revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) is widely used in the assessment of the severity of Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aimed to validate the Kazakh version of the MDS-UPDRS, explore its dimensionality, and compare it to the original English version.

Methods: The validation was conducted in three phases: first, the English version of the MDS-UPDRS was translated into Kazakh and thereafter back-translated into English by two independent teams; second, the Kazakh version underwent a cognitive pretesting; third, the Kazakh version was tested in 360 native Kazakh-speaking PD patients.

[Characteristics and dynamics of pathological changes in visual evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis].

Objective: Clarification of the characteristics and dynamics of changes in the main indicators of visual evoked potentials (VEP) for a reverse chess pattern in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) at various stages of the disease and severity of disability.

Material And Methods: The study of VEP was carried out on 477 subjects, 120 of which were healthy volunteers and 357 patients with MS, including those with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS; 22.7%), remitting course (RT; 55.

Seasonal Changes in Serum Metabolites in Multiple Sclerosis Relapse.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating chronic disease of unknown etiology. There are limited treatment options due to an incomplete understanding of disease pathology. The disease is shown to have seasonal exacerbation of clinical symptoms.

Autoreactive lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis: Pathogenesis and treatment target.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by destruction of the myelin sheath structure. The loss of myelin leads to damage of a neuron's axon and cell body, which is identified as brain lesions on magnetic resonance image (MRI). The pathogenesis of MS remains largely unknown.