Dose-Dependent Genetic Resistance to Azole Fungicides Found in the Apple Scab Pathogen.

The evolution of azole resistance in fungal pathogens presents a major challenge in both crop production and human health. Apple orchards across the world are faced with the emergence of azole fungicide resistance in the apple scab pathogen . Target site point mutations observed in this fungus to date cannot fully explain the reduction in sensitivity to azole fungicides.

A Genomic Resource for the Strawberry Powdery Mildew Pathogen .

Powdery mildew is one of the most economically destructive diseases in protected strawberry production. Here we present the first genome assembly for , the causal agent of powdery mildew on strawberry. This obligate-biotrophic fungal pathogen was sampled from a naturally occurring outbreak on × 'Malling Centenary' plants grown under cover in the United Kingdom.

Concordance between responses to questionnaire scenarios and actual treatment to repair or replace dental restorations in the National Dental PBRN.

Objective: To quantify the agreement between treatment recommended during hypothetical clinical scenarios and actual treatment provided in comparable clinical circumstances.

Methods: A total of 193 practitioners in the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network participated in both a questionnaire and a clinical study. The questionnaire included three hypothetical scenarios about treatment of existing restorations.

Agreement among dentists' restorative treatment planning thresholds for primary occlusal caries, primary proximal caries, and existing restorations: findings from The National Dental Practice-Based Research Network.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to quantify the agreement among individual National Dental Practice-Based Research Network dentists' self-reported treatment decisions for primary occlusal caries, primary proximal caries, and existing restorations.

Methods: Five hypothetical clinical scenarios were presented: primary occlusal caries; primary proximal caries; and whether three existing restorations should be repaired or replaced. We quantified the probability that dentists who recommended later restorative intervention for primary caries were the same ones who recommended that existing restorations be repaired instead of replaced.

Density measurements of dentin by dual-energy radiography.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to apply the dual-energy radiographic technique to teeth and to soft tissue simulated with Lucite and report the visual and quantitative results.

Study Design: High- and low-energy image pairs were exposed of aluminum and Lucite calibration wedges and human teeth sections. Reconstructed images of the calibration wedges and teeth sections were viewed and measured.