Validation of finite-element-simulated orthodontic forces produced by thermoplastic aligners: Effect of aligner geometry and creep.

Purpose: Finite element (FE) models for determining the orthodontic forces delivered by clear aligners often lack validation. The aim of this study was to develop and validate accurate FE models for clear aligners, considering the small but important geometrical variations from the thermoforming process and the creep behavior of the aligner material.

Methods And Materials: The tooth misalignment considered was a 2.