Exposure to ambient air causes degradation and decreased potency of buparvaquone and parvaquone.

Buparvaquone and parvaquone are hydroxynaphthoquinone compounds commonly used to treat livestock infected with species such as and . In many (sub)tropical regions, chromatic changes in medicines can result from extreme environmental conditions and improper drug storage or handling, raising the possibility of drug degradation and loss of potency. We evaluated the effects of UV light, elevated temperature, and atmospheric air on the stability and potency of both buparvaquone and parvaquone by using a combination of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a based parasite growth inhibition assay (to measure potency).

Putative Horizontally Acquired Genes, Highly Transcribed during Yersinia pestis Flea Infection, Are Induced by Hyperosmotic Stress and Function in Aromatic Amino Acid Metabolism.

While alternating between insects and mammals during its life cycle, , the flea-transmitted bacterium that causes plague, regulates its gene expression appropriately to adapt to these two physiologically disparate host environments. In fleas competent to transmit , low-GC-content genes , and are highly transcribed, suggesting that these genes have a highly prioritized role in flea infection. Here, we demonstrate that , and are transcribed as part of a single polycistronic mRNA comprising the , , and genes.

Exposure to ambient air causes degradation and decreased in vitro potency of buparvaquone and parvaquone.

Buparvaquone and parvaquone are hydroxynaphthoquinone compounds commonly used to treat livestock infected with Theileria species such as T. parva and T. annulata.

Sequence and immunologic conservation of Anaplasma marginale OmpA within strains from Ghana as compared to the predominant OmpA variant.

A primary challenge in developing effective vaccines against obligate, intracellular, bacterial tick-borne pathogens that establish persistent infection is the identification of antigens that cross protect against multiple strains. In the case of Anaplasma marginale, the most prevalent tick-borne pathogen of cattle found worldwide, OmpA is an adhesin and thus a promising vaccine candidate. We sequenced ompA from cattle throughout Ghana naturally infected with A.