The crippled brain that prolonged the Civil War: General Joseph Hooker's concussions at Chancellorsville.

President Lincoln appointed General Joseph Hooker to command the Army of the Potomac in January 1863. In April 1863, Hooker had 130,000 men compared to the Confederate Army's 60,000. The Union forces had more food, clothing, and ammunition.

Basilar decompression via a far lateral transcondylar approach: technical note.

Background: Treatments for symptomatic or unstable basilar invagination (BI) include posterior decompression, distraction/fusion, trans-nasal or trans-oral anterior decompression, and combined techniques, with the need for occipitocervical fusion based on the degree of craniocervical instability. Variations of the far lateral transcondylar approach are described in limited case series for BI, but have not been widely applied.

Methods: A single-institution, retrospective review of consecutive patients undergoing a far lateral transcondylar approach for odontoidectomy (± resection of the inferior clivus) followed by occipitocervical fusion over a 6-year period (1/1/2016 to 12/31/2021) is performed.

Dr. Louise Eisenhardt's personal notes: how she and Dr. Cushing collected data and followed patients.

Dr. Louise Eisenhardt was one of the first neuropathologists and was responsible for the development of tumor diagnosis guidelines. This historical vignette reviews her previously unseen handwritten notes in which she describes methods used by her and Dr.

Free Tissue Transfer for Repair of Chronic Esophageal Perforations.

Objective: Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion have become a common intervention for cervical spine stabilization. However, complications can cause life-threatening morbidity. Among them, esophageal perforation is associated with severe morbidity, including dysphagia, malnutrition, and infection with the potential development of mediastinitis.