A conceptual model for assessing the risk of unidentified pain.

Untreated or undertreated pain is well established as a significant problem, but unidentified pain is a distinct construct that still needs to be clearly modeled or fully described. This paper aims to develop a conceptual model of unidentified pain in humans with the goal of future development of an unidentified pain risk tool. A multi-phase process was employed consisting sequentially of 1) brainstorming followed by consensus building, 2) peer-review and publication of an integrative theoretical review protocol for "unidentified pain," 3) conduct of the integrative review, and 4) a repeated brainstorming session to identify areas of risk for unidentified pain to produce a conceptual model.

Gastropods potential intermediate hosts of parasites in the region of Lençóis Maranhenses National Park/Brazil, an international tourist destination.

Several aquatic ecosystems present favorable conditions for the establishment of freshwater gastropod populations in Maranhão (Brazil). However, research on these snails in this Brazilian state is more focused on Baixada Maranhense, an endemic area for schistosomiasis in Maranhão. Considering the need to expand information on the occurrence of limnic gastropods in Maranhão, a qualitative study was carried out in the Microregion of Lençóis Maranhenses.