Sensory unpleasantness of very-high frequency sound and audible ultrasound.

Audible very-high frequency sound (VHFS) and ultrasound (US) have been rated more unpleasant than lower frequency sounds when presented to listeners at similar sensation levels (SLs). In this study, 17 participants rated the sensory unpleasantness of 14-, 16-, and 18-kHz tones and a 1-kHz reference tone. Tones were presented at equal subjective loudness levels for each individual, corresponding to levels of 10, 20, and 30 dB SL measured at 1 kHz.

Oxygen Straight to the Brain: An Overview of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for a Variety of Brain Morbidities.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy as a treatment for conditions like traumatic brain injury, posttraumatic stress disorder, and migraines would seem intuitive, given its effect on condition-related ischemia and inflammation. However, hyperbaric therapeutic impacts for these in acute and chronic, or prolonged symptoms are elusive. This narrative review of hyperbaric's utility provided in sections per disease renders first a review of conventional pathological mechanisms and then articulates hyperbaric treatment targets versus their respective impacts.

Boyle's Law ignores dynamic processes in governing barotrauma in fish.

The expansion and potential rupture of the swim bladder due to rapid decompression, a major cause of barotrauma injury in fish that pass through turbines and pumps, is generally assumed to be governed by Boyle's Law. In this study, two swim bladder expansion models are presented and tested in silico. One based on the quasi-static Boyle's Law, and a Modified Rayleigh Plesset Model (MRPM), which includes both inertial and pressure functions and was parametrised to be representative of a fish swim bladder.

Applying appropriate frequency criteria to advance acoustic behavioural guidance systems for fish.

Deterrents that use acoustics to guide fish away from dangerous areas depend on the elicitation of avoidance in the target species. Acoustic deterrents select the optimum frequency based on an assumption that highest avoidance is likely to occur at the greatest sensitivity. However, such an assumption may be unfounded.