Diffuse alveolar damage and e-cigarettes: Case report and review of literature.

The prevalence of e-cigarette usage has increased in non-smokers and those who are planning to quit smoking since introduced in 2003. Although the potential long term adverse effects have not been studied in humans, there have been studies showing that e-cigarette vapor causes release of proinflammatory cytokines leading to cytotoxic damage to alveolar epithelial cells, increase in the release of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) in the alveolar epithelial cells which leads to fibroblastic proliferation, and increased risk of staphylococcus aureus and viral infections which are implicated in the pathogenesis of diffuse alveolar damage. We describe a case of a 47-year-old woman who was diagnosed with histologically confirmed diffuse alveolar damage (DAD).

Comparison of optic nerve head measurements obtained by optical coherence tomography and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy.

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between optic nerve head (ONH) measurements generated by optical coherence tomography (OCT; versions 2 and 3) and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (CSLO) and to compare the association between OCT and CSLO ONH measurements with glaucoma disease status, as determined by clinical evaluation and perimetry.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Methods: In a prospective study in the glaucoma service of an academic department of ophthalmology, 159 eyes (97 subjects) and 77 eyes (44 subjects) were recruited in two separate periods.

Interobserver agreement of Heidelberg retina tomograph parameters.

Purpose: To measure the interobserver agreement of Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) parameters as a result of different observers' contour line placement.

Methods: The optic nerve heads of 50 patients with glaucoma were imaged with the HRT. Five observers traced each disc margin with a contour line.

Study of regional deformation of the optic nerve head using scanning laser tomography.

Purpose: Previous studies have suggested that IOP-induced deformation of the optic nerve head (ONH) at the level of the lamina cribrosa may contribute to axonal damage in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Our purpose was to introduce a novel enucleated eye model for characterizing acute IOP-induced changes in ONH topography, and to develop improved analytical methods for detection of regional topographic change in the ONH.

Methods: Using a specially designed experimental apparatus, enucleated human eyes were progressively pressurized to 5, 15, 30, and 50 mmHg.