Chromatic confocal microscopy with a finite pinhole size.

Chromatic confocal microscopy has the advantage of short measurement times because of its parallel depth scan. As most white-light sources have limited optical output power, light-efficient setups are necessary. Using an extended detection pinhole is one way to improve light efficiency.

Non-mechanically-axial-scanning confocal microscope using adaptive mirror switching.

A non-axial-scanning confocal microscope employing a monochromatic light source has been developed. The system controls the defocus of an objective into three to .ve optimized states by using a membrane-adaptive mirror, and determines the axial height of an object according to the confocal output value with each defocus.

Signal evaluation for high-speed confocal measurements.

The confocal-detection principle is open especially for use in medical applications. For inspection systems applications for technical objects in reflection confocal setups are of growing importance. For such applications the confocal measurements need to have a very short measuring time.

Aberration measurement from confocal axial intensity response using neural network.

We propose a high-speed, parallel system for lens aberration measurement employing a confocal optical setup. This method uses a non-interferometric, conventional confocal axial response to determine the spherical aberration coefficient of a confocal objective. The aberration coefficients are successfully calculated from the intensity axial response by employing a neural network.

[Severe hypoxemia with orthodeoxia due to right to left shunt in idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia].

We report a case of BOOP with severe hypoxemia and orthodeoxia. Chest X-ray showed bilateral infiltrative pneumonia and computed tomography scan revealed consolidations on lower lobes. Diagnosis of right-to-left shunt was made on the increase of alveolar-arterial oxygen difference under FIO2 100%, accented in standing position.