Intestinal Spirochetosis: A Case Series and Review of the Literature.

A clinical suspicion of intestinal spirochetosis is required when patients have long lasting complaints of abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, weight loss, and nausea. An endoscopy with biopsies needs to be performed to confirm the diagnosis of intestinal spirochetosis. The diagnosis of intestinal spirochetosis is based on histological appearance.

Reflections on treatment of IBD in children and adolescents.

Major pharmaceutical advancements in the field of inflammatory bowel diseases benefit to children and adolescents affected with this progressive chronic condition. Scientific organisations such as ESPGHAN and ECCO actively publish guidelines related to the many aspects of care from these patients. Clinical studies and long-term prospective registries in the appropriate age groups are crucial to support an evidence based strategy.

Development of a core outcome set for clinical trials in childhood constipation: a study using a Delphi technique.

Objective: Patients, their parents and healthcare professionals (HCPs) have a different perception regarding the symptoms of functional constipation (FC). Consequently, a lack of agreement exists on definitions and outcomes used in therapeutic trials of FC. Therefore, our aim was to develop a core outcome set (COS) for FC for children aged 0-1 year and 1-18 years.

Functional constipation in children: challenges and solutions.

This review intends to update what is known about and what is still a challenge in functional constipation (FC) in children regarding epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Although FC is a common childhood problem, its global burden remains unknown as data from parts of the world are missing. Another problem is that there is a large variation in prevalence due to differences in study methods and defining age groups.