The Epidemiological, Morphological, and Clinical Aspects of the Cervical Ribs in Humans.

A familiarity with the anatomy of some types of bone anomalies is necessary for clinicians involved in many medical areas. The aim of this paper is to review the newest literature concerning the morphology, embryology, clinical image, and therapeutic methods of the cervical ribs in the humans. The incidence of cervical ribs has been found to vary from 0.

Accessory (multiple) renal arteries - Differences in frequency according to population, visualizing techniques and stage of morphological development.

The aim of this paper is to comprehensively analyze the literature focused on frequency of the presence of the accessory renal arteries in the human body. A systematic analysis of papers has been made. With regard to ethnicity, the incidence of accessory renal arteries fluctuates from 4% in a Malaysian population to 61.

Lesion and stimulation of the ventral tegmental area increases cholinergic activity in the rat brain.

Our previous study indicated that unilateral lesion of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) facilitates contralateral VTA stimulation-induced feeding or exploration. The present study was aimed to determine the possible role of the central cholinergic systems in this effect. Immunohistochemistry for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was used to measure the number of active cholinergic neurons in their major groups (Ch1-Ch6) and in striatal regions in rats subjected to unilateral electrocoagulation and contralateral VTA electrical stimulation (L/S group) in comparison to the unilaterally stimulated (S), unilaterally lesioned (L) and sham (Sh) groups.

Lesion of the ventral tegmental area amplifies stimulation-induced Fos expression in the rat brain.

Unilateral lesions of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the key structure of the mesolimbic system, facilitate behavioral responses induced by electrical stimulation of the VTA in the contralateral hemisphere. In search of the neuronal mechanism behind this phenomenon, Fos expression was used to measure neuronal activation of the target mesolimbic structures in rats subjected to unilateral electrocoagulation and simultaneously to contralateral electrical stimulation of the VTA (L/S group). These were compared to the level of mesolimbic activation after unilateral electrocoagulation of the VTA (L group), unilateral electrical stimulation of the VTA (S group) and bilateral electrode implantation into the VTA in the sham (Sh) group.