The effect of gender norms on the association between violence and hope among girls in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Background: Girls at early stages of adolescence are vulnerable to violence victimization in humanitarian contexts, but few studies examine factors that affect girls' hope in these settings. We assessed attitudes toward traditional gender norms as an effect modifier of the relationship between violence exposure and future orientation in displaced girls.

Methods: Secondary analysis, using multivariable regression of cross-sectional data from girls ages 10-14 in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo.