Factors associated with infant pain response following an immunization injection.

Objectives: Specific potential determinants of infant pain response were assessed in the context of a 4- or 6-month immunization injection. The distal influences of gender, gestational and current age, temperament, and early nociceptive stimuli were considered, as well as the proximal influences of parental and nurse coping-promoting statements within the treatment room.

Study Design: An observational study design was used.

Pediatric procedural pain.

This article reviews the various settings in which infants, children, and adolescents experience pain during acute medical procedures and issues related to referral of children to pain management teams. In addition, self-report, reports by others, physiological monitoring, and direct observation methods of assessment of pain and related constructs are discussed and recommendations are provided. Pharmacological, other medical approaches, and empirically supported cognitive behavioral interventions are reviewed.

Effects of attentional direction, age, and coping style on cold-pressor pain in children.

This study assessed the relative efficacy of two imagery-based attentional strategies for modifying pain experience in children. Children aged 7-14 years (n = 120) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: distraction, sensory-focussing or control (no imagery). The distraction condition prompted children to focus their attention externally; the sensory-focussing condition prompted the child to focus internally on physical sensations.

Guidelines for the cold pressor task as an experimental pain stimulus for use with children.

Unlabelled: The cold pressor task (CPT) involves placing a hand or forearm in cold water, a stimulus that produces a slowly mounting pain of mild to moderate intensity and is terminated by voluntary withdrawal of the limb. The CPT has been used in many studies of pain, autonomic reactivity, and hormonal stress responses. Use of the CPT with children was first reported in 1937, and it has been used since then in at least 24 published studies including more than 1700 children without reported adverse effects.

The role of parental presence in the context of children's medical procedures: a systematic review.

Background: There are conflicting views and practices regarding whether or not parents should be present at the time of their child's medical procedure. A systematic review was conducted to assess the effects of parental presence in the paediatric treatment room on child, parent and health professional outcomes and to synthesize this body of literature.

Methods: Based on a comprehensive literature search, studies investigating parental presence in the paediatric treatment room were included in the review if they had a concurrent control group (i.