Retrieval of conditioned immune response in male mice is mediated by an anterior-posterior insula circuit.

To protect the body from infections, the brain has evolved the ability to coordinate behavioral and immunological responses. The conditioned immune response (CIR) is a form of Pavlovian conditioning wherein a sensory (for example, taste) stimulus, when paired with an immunomodulatory agent, evokes aversive behavior and an anticipatory immune response after re-experiencing the taste. Although taste and its valence are represented in the anterior insular cortex and immune response in the posterior insula and although the insula is pivotal for CIRs, the precise circuitry underlying CIRs remains unknown.

Post-infectious acute cerebellar ataxia in a young adult.

Acute cerebellar ataxia is a clinical syndrome that involves loss of balance and coordination, typically within less than 72 hours. It usually presents in children and rarely affect adults. A woman in her early 20s presented with acute onset dizziness, vertigo, truncal ataxia and dysarthria 2 weeks following an acute viral illness.

Flow-Adjusted Trabeculectomy.

As one of the most efficacious glaucoma surgical techniques, trabeculectomy is considered by many surgeons to be the "gold standard" intra-ocular pressure (IOP)-reducing intervention. The purpose of this study is to present our intra-operative flow-adjusted surgical method, which aims to provide safety and efficacy more simply than previous methods. Retrospectively, we evaluated outcomes for trabeculectomy or phacotrabeculectomy in surgery-naïve eyes over three years for patients with glaucoma not associated with other ocular co-morbidities.

Odonata Assemblages in Urban Semi-Natural Wetlands.

As the human population in urban areas is continuously growing, urbanization is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity. To mitigate the negative effects, the inclusion of blue zones (aquatic habitats) in modern urban development practices is strongly recommended, as they could be beneficial for the local biodiversity conservation. Odonata are a flagship group and are widely used in freshwater conservation as ecological indicators of habitat integrity and health.