UCP1 expression in human brown adipose tissue is inversely associated with cardiometabolic risk factors.

Objective: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a therapeutic target for obesity. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) is commonly used to quantify human BAT mass and activity. Detectable 18F-FDG uptake by BAT is associated with reduced prevalence of cardiometabolic disease.

Human brown adipose tissue function: insights from current in vivo techniques.

The identification of brown adipose tissue (BAT) as a thermogenic organ in human adults approximately 20 years ago raised the exciting possibility of activating this tissue as a new treatment for obesity and cardiometabolic disease. [18F]Fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (18F-FDG) combined positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) scanning is the most commonly used imaging modality to detect and quantify human BAT activity in vivo. This technique exploits the substantial glucose uptake by BAT during thermogenesis as a marker for BAT metabolism.

Impact of postnatal dexamethasone timing on preterm mortality and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a propensity score analysis.

Background: Postnatal dexamethasone (PND) is used in high-risk preterm infants after the first week of life to facilitate extubation and prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) but the optimal treatment timing remains unclear. Our objective was to explore the association between the timing of PND commencement and mortality and respiratory outcomes.

Methods: This was a retrospective National Neonatal Research Database study of 84 440 premature infants born <32 weeks gestational age from 2010 to 2020 in England and Wales.

The serotonin transporter sustains human brown adipose tissue thermogenesis.

Activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in humans is a strategy to treat obesity and metabolic disease. Here we show that the serotonin transporter (SERT), encoded by SLC6A4, prevents serotonin-mediated suppression of human BAT function. RNA sequencing of human primary brown and white adipocytes shows that SLC6A4 is highly expressed in human, but not murine, brown adipocytes and BAT.

Observational cohort study of use of caffeine in preterm infants and association between early caffeine use and neonatal outcomes.

Objective: To quantify trends in caffeine use in infants born at <32 weeks' gestational age (GA), and to investigate the effects of early vs late caffeine on neonatal outcomes.

Study Design: Retrospective propensity score matched cohort study using routinely recorded data from the National Neonatal Research Database of infants born at <32 weeks' GA admitted to neonatal units in England and Wales (2012-2020).

Results: 89% (58 913/66 081) of infants received caffeine.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia prediction models: a systematic review and meta-analysis with validation.

Prediction models could identify infants at the greatest risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and allow targeted preventative strategies. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis with external validation of identified models. Studies using predictors available before day 14 of life to predict BPD in very preterm infants were included.

Artificial intelligence-driven wearable technologies for neonatal cardiorespiratory monitoring. Part 2: artificial intelligence.

Background: With the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, smart health monitoring, particularly neonatal cardiorespiratory monitoring with wearable devices, is becoming more popular. To this end, it is crucial to investigate the trend of AI and wearable sensors being developed in this domain.

Methods: We performed a review of papers published in IEEE Xplore, Scopus, and PubMed from the year 2000 onwards, to understand the use of AI for neonatal cardiorespiratory monitoring with wearable technologies.

Neonatal stroke surveillance study protocol in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland.

Neonatal stroke is a devastating condition that causes brain injury in babies and often leads to lifelong neurological impairment. Recent prospective population studies of neonatal stroke are lacking. Neonatal strokes are different from those in older children and adults.

Application and potential of artificial intelligence in neonatal medicine.

Neonatal care is becoming increasingly complex with large amounts of rich, routinely recorded physiological, diagnostic and outcome data. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to harness this vast quantity and range of information and become a powerful tool to support clinical decision making, personalised care, precise prognostics, and enhance patient safety. Current AI approaches in neonatal medicine include tools for disease prediction and risk stratification, neurological diagnostic support and novel image recognition technologies.

Observational cohort study of changing trends in non-invasive ventilation in very preterm infants and associations with clinical outcomes.

Objective: To determine the change in non-invasive ventilation (NIV) use over time in infants born at <32 weeks' gestation and the associated clinical outcomes.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study using routinely recorded data from the National Neonatal Research Database of infants born at <32 weeks admitted to neonatal units in England and Wales from 2010 to 2017.

Results: In 56 537 infants, NIV use increased significantly between 2010 and 2017 (continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) from 68.

Airflow dispersion during common neonatal resuscitation procedures: A simulation study.

Background: Aerosol generating medical procedures (AGMPs) are common during newborn resuscitation. Neonates with respiratory viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may pose a risk to healthcare workers. International guidelines differ on methods to minimize the risk due to limited data.

Education of family members to support weaning to solids and nutrition in later infancy in term-born infants.

Background: Education of family members about infant weaning practices could affect nutrition, growth, and development of children in different settings across the world.

Objectives: To compare effects of family nutrition educational interventions for infant weaning with conventional management on growth and neurodevelopment in childhood.

Search Methods: We used the standard strategy of Cochrane Neonatal to search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2018, Issue 5), MEDLINE via PubMed (1966 to 26 June 2018), Embase (1980 to 26 June 2018), and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL; 1982 to 26 June 2018).

Early enteral feeding in preterm infants.

Early enteral feeding is a potentially modifiable risk factor for necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) and late onset sepsis (LOS), however enteral feeding practices for preterm infants are highly variable. High-quality evidence is increasingly available to guide early feeding in preterm infants. Meta-analyses of randomised trials indicate that early trophic feeding within 48 h after birth and introduction of progressive enteral feeding before 4 days of life at an advancement rate above 24 ml/kg/day can be achieved in clinically stable very preterm and very low birthweight (VLBW) infants, without higher mortality or incidence of NEC.

Education of family members to support weaning to solids and nutrition in infants born preterm.

Background: Weaning refers to the period of introduction of solid food to complement breast milk or formula milk. Preterm infants are known to acquire extrauterine growth restriction by the time of discharge from neonatal units. Hence, the postdischarge and weaning period are crucial for optimal growth.

Feed thickener for infants up to six months of age with gastro-oesophageal reflux.

Background: Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) is common in infants, and feed thickeners are often used to manage it in infants as they are simple to use and perceived to be harmless. However, conflicting evidence exists to support the use of feed thickeners.

Objectives: To evaluate the use of feed thickeners in infants up to six months of age with GOR in terms of reduction in a) signs and symptoms of GOR, b) reflux episodes on pH probe monitoring or intraluminal impedance or a combination of both, or c) histological evidence of oesophagitis.

native mitral valve infective endocarditis.

Introduction: is a rare cause of infective endocarditis. Here, we report a case involving the native mitral valve in the absence of an implantable cardiac electronic device.

Case Presentation: A 76-year-old man presented with a 2 week history of confusion and pyrexia.

Nicotine dependence and biochemical exposure measures in the second trimester of pregnancy.

Introduction: The Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) is validated to measure nicotine dependence in nonpregnant smokers, and in these smokers, mean salivary and serum cotinine levels are related by a ratio of 1.25. However, as nicotine metabolism increases during gestation, these findings may differ in pregnancy.

Impact of the introduction of emergency ultrasound to one large UK emergency department: the REBUS study.

Aim: Firstly, to detail the experiences of one UK training region in establishing an emergency ultrasound (EU) training programme and secondly, to report the initial 30 months of EU scanning experience.

Methods: Prospective study of all documented emergency department (ED) ultrasound scans. Results were extracted from written paper reports and/or electronically saved images.

Histological grading of breast cancer on needle core biopsy: the role of immunohistochemical assessment of proliferation.

Aims: Histological grade assessed on needle core biopsy (NCB) moderately concurs with the grade in the surgical excision specimen (SES) (kappa-values between 0.35 and 0.65).