Interleukin (IL)-23, IL-31, and IL-33 Play a Role in the Course of Autoimmune Endocrine Diseases.

Background: Interleukins (IL)-23, 31, and 33 are involved in the regulation of T helper 17 (Th17)/regulatory T (Treg) cells balance. The role of IL-23, 31 and 33 in non-endocrine autoimmune diseases has been confirmed. Data on the involvement of these cytokines in endocrine autoimmune diseases are limited.

Multiple bone fractures caused by severe hypophosphatemia in the course of the mandible tumour.

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CD4+ cells in autoimmune thyroid disease.

The phenomenon of autoimmunity develops as a result of the triggering factor released by damaged cells. This leads to an infiltration of CD4+ cells involved in stimulating the effector cells cytotoxicity and stimulating the humoral response. One of the most common autoimmune disorders are autoimmune thyroid diseases, including Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves's diseases.

Bilateral testicular infarction as a complication of acute cardiovascular diseases.

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Recurrent tetany in the course of metabolic alkalosis in patient with short bowel syndrome.

Not required for Clinical Vignette.

Endocrine diseases as causes of secondary hyperlipidemia.

Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of increased morbidity and mortality in developed and developing countries. One of the most important risk factors responsible for atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular diseases is hyperlipidaemia. Currently, hyperlipidaemias are divided into several clinical entities.

Selected adipose tissue hormones in the blood of patients with ischaemic cerebral stroke.

Introduction: Despite considerable progress in knowledge, ischaemic stroke is still a disease that causes serious clinical problems. A role in its pathogenesis can be attributed to i.a.

Hypoglycaemia in endocrine, diabetic, and internal diseases [Hipoglikemia w schorzeniach endokrynologicznych, diabetologicznych i internistycznych].

Hypoglycemia is a decrease in blood glucose concentration below the physiological level. It occurs in healthy people and in people with various diseases with inadequate secretion of insulin by β cells, or deficiency of counterregulatory hormones secreted at the moment of hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia is also associated with diabetes therapy, regardless of whether behavioral therapy, oral hypoglycemic agents, or insulin are used.

The role of adiponectin and leptin in the treatment of ovarian cancer patients.

Introduction: Ovarian cancer is most frequently detected in the advanced stage. Although its pathogenesis is not fully elucidated, it is assumed that body susceptibility and hormonal disorders are responsible. The role of some cytokines as predictors in the treatment process is still investigated.