SARS-CoV-2: Nutritional determinants of reducing the risk of infection of the central nervous system.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to assess the nutritional determinants that may contribute to potentially reducing the risk of COVID-19 central nervous system infection or, if infection occurs, to experience it in a mild form.

Views: In this study, the authors collected data on nutrients that support traditional drug treatment and potentially reduce central nervous system infections, while also indicating the role they play in the central nervous system (CNS). The article points out that long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids polyunsaturated fatty acids, probiotics and prebiotics, as well as vitamin D selenium and zinc play a role in supporting immune function and reducing the risk of CNS infections.

Changes in disease burden in Poland between 1990-2017 in comparison with other Central European countries: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

Background: Systematic collection of mortality/morbidity data over time is crucial for monitoring trends in population health, developing health policies, assessing the impact of health programs. In Poland, a comprehensive analysis describing trends in disease burden for major conditions has never been published. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides data on the burden of over 300 diseases in 195 countries since 1990.

Mapping low intake of micronutrients across Europe.

Achieving an understanding of the extent of micronutrient adequacy across Europe is a major challenge. The main objective of the present study was to collect and evaluate the prevalence of low micronutrient intakes of different European countries by comparing recent nationally representative dietary survey data from Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, The Netherlands, Poland, Spain and the United Kingdom. Dietary intake information was evaluated for intakes of Ca, Cu, I, Fe, Mg, K, Se, Zn and the vitamins A, B₁, B₂, B₆, B₁₂, C, D, E and folate.

Estimation of the dietary acrylamide exposure of the Polish population.

The objective of our study was to determine acrylamide content in the Polish foods and to assess the average dietary acrylamide exposure of the Polish population. We analysed the acrylamide content in Polish food using GCQ-MS/MS method. The daily dietary acrylamide exposure was computed using a probabilistic approach for the total Polish population (1-96 years) and for the following age groups: 1-6, 7-18 and 19-96, using Monte Carlo simulation technique.

Intake of selected nutrients from foods, from fortification and from supplements in various European countries.

Background: Recent European Union regulation requires setting of maximum amount of micronutrients in dietary supplements or foods taking into account the tolerable upper intake level (ULs) established by scientific risk assessment and population reference intakes.

Objective: To collect and evaluate recently available data on intakes of selected vitamins and minerals from conventional foods, food supplements and fortified foods in adults and children. Intake of calcium, copper, iodine, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, zinc, folic acid, niacin and total vitamin A/retinol, B(6), D and E was derived from nationally representative surveys in Denmark, Germany, Finland, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain and the United Kingdom.

Overweight and obesity in infants and pre-school children in the European Union: a review of existing data.

The objective of this study was to synthesize available information on prevalence and time trends of overweight and obesity in pre-school children in the European Union. Retrieval and analysis or re-analysis of existing data were carried out. Data sources include WHO databases, Medline and Google, contact with authors of published and unpublished documents.

Effectiveness of the iodine prophylaxis model adopted in Poland.

Objective: Most of the Polish territory has been classified as an iodine-deficient and endemic goiter area according to the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency (ICCIDD) criteria. In 1997 the obligatory model of iodine prophylaxis was implemented. Our investigations were aimed at the effectiveness of iodine prophylaxis in Poland.

Acrylamide content in heat-treated carbohydrate-rich foods in Poland.

The objective of the study was to determine the content of acrylamide in randomly selected samples of potato crisps and French fries using GC/MS/MS. The mean content of acrylamide in tested crisps amounted to 998 microg/kg (range from 352 to 3647 microg/kg) and was almost three times higher than in French fries--337 microg/kg (range from 88 to 799 microg/kg). Differences (even ten times) in the level of acrylamid in individual product samples, testifying the impact of raw materials and technological process running conditions on the content of acrylamide in the final product.

Preliminary assessment of exposure of children and adolescents to acrylamide originating from food.

The objective of the tests was to make preliminary assessment of acrylamide intake from the diet in the category of children and adolescents falling into 7-18 age bracket. For the purposes of assessment the our analytical test results were used of acrylamide content in potato crisps and French fries in samples taken randomly from all over Poland, whereas the intake level was estimated on the basis of a 24-hour recalls leading by National Food and Nutrition Institute in 2000. In the population of consumers eating potato crisps and French fries the average intake of acrylamide in the population of children aged 7-13 amounted to 63.

Policy options for responding to the growing challenge from obesity (PorGrow) in Poland.

To explore the perspectives of stakeholders towards a range of policy options to respond to obesity in Poland, a multi-criteria mapping method was used. During structured interviews, stakeholders were invited to appraise policy options by reference to criteria of their own choosing. They also provided relative weightings to their criteria, generating overall rankings of the policy options in relation to each other.

[Acrylamide content in potato crisps in Poland].

The main source of acrylamide in the diet are thermally processed carbohydrate-rich products, mainly those obtained from potatoes. Acrylamide is a substance with neurotoxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic properties. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified it as a potential human carcinogen in 1994.

Comparison between household budget survey and 24-hour recall data in a nationally representative sample of Polish households.

Objective: Household budget survey (HBS) data are used regularly for nutritional epidemiological purposes. The validity of HBS data, however, is not well established. The aim of this project was to compare HBS and individual nutrition survey (INS) data in a nationally representative sample of Polish households.

[Influence of maternal nutrition on infant birthweight].

Objectives: The aim of the study was to examine relation between maternal prepregnancy BMI, pregnancy weight gain and infant birthweight.

Materials And Methods: In 1998 the questionnaire was sent to 227 women who were pregnant in 1993.

Results: 56.

[Folic acid fortified food and their importance in health promotion].

In recent years great attention has been focused on the role of folates in public health. Folates prevent the development of neural tube defects and reduce the risk of coronary heart disease, some kinds of cancer and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review the dietary source of folates and daily dietary intake was presented.

[Health Polish foods as the chance for Polish agriculture in the united Europe].

This paper discuss the matter of food quality and safety which is available for whole population in Poland in 2001. The results of the nation wide control survey of food safety in 2001 conducted by the State Sanitary Inspection, where used as the source of data. Those results concerned 233.

[Estimation of the intake of food additives--methods applied in the European Union].

Guidelines for estimation of food additives intake were prepared by Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants (CCFAC) in 1989. During the period 1994, 1995 three specific directives have been adopted, each of them including an obligation for Member States to introduce systems to monitor the usage and consumption of food additives and to report their findings to the Commission. Recommendations of Commission's experts which should be taken into account for preparing the monitoring system by Member States are based on decision tree, which systematizes proceeding procedures.

Trans fatty acids in human milk in Poland and their association with breastfeeding mothers' diets.

Aim: To determine the content of trans fatty acids in human milk in relation to breastfeeding mothers' diet.

Methods: Samples of milk were collected from 100 breastfeeding mothers and 7-d dietary records and anthropometry from 69 mothers were obtained.

Results: The following total trans fatty acids contents (median (lower-upper quartile); % wt/wt) in milk samples were determined: 1) data for Spring: colostrum--1.

[Dietary intake elderly subjects in rural and urban area in Poland].

In this paper the authors tried to evaluate and compare the dietary habits of elderly people living in rural and urban areas. The data were collected from 591 men and women aged 61-96 years, using 24-h dietary recall. Energy and selected nutrients content in daily diet was calculated basing on these data.

Studies on iodine content in daily diets, particularly elderly people's diets.

Poland represents moderate degree of severity of iodine deficiency. In 1997 a national program has been introduced of obligatory iodine prophylaxis including the iodination of household salt. In order to assess the extent of iodine consumption, the assessment were carried out on iodine content in average Polish diets with regard elderly people's diets.

The Household Food Consumption and Anthropometric Survey in Poland.

Objective: To provide an overview of the Household Food Consumption and Anthropometric Survey, undertaken in Poland from September to November 2000.

Design: A sub-sample of households participating in the countrywide, representative household budget survey (HBS) was selected to participate in the Household Food Consumption and Anthropometric Survey. Four thousand two hundred (4200) individuals provided 24-hour recalls that were subsequently evaluated.

[Sodium chloride in food rations and dinners in mass catering institutions].

The sodium chloride content in meals given by mass catering institution in all over country in 1988-1998 years was estimated. This study included daily food rations from 183 mass catering institution as hospitals, sanatoriums for both children and adults, boarding schools, infant schools and social welfare homes. We assessed also school dinners from 422 randomized selected schools and dinners from 55 internal and 56 surgical departments of provincial and regional hospitals in Poland.

[Foodstuffs intended for special dietary uses for infants and young children in the light of the directives of the European Union and standards of the Codex Alimentarius FAO/WHO].

Food products for infants and young children are included in the group of foodstuffs intended for special dietary uses. The classification of these products comprises the following groups: newborns infant formulas, infant formulas, processed cereal foods and other baby foods for infants and young children and gluten-free products. In the European Union countries the detailed requirements concerning their qualitative and quantitative composition, labeling, advertising and release on the market as well as the health quality of these products have been laid down in the Council Directive of 3 May 1989 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to foodstuffs intended for particular nutritional uses (89/398/EEC with later amendments) and in the detailed directives.

[Mass catering for school children in Poland].

The assessment of organization and quality of nutrition was done in 184 urban and 156 rural schools in 1998 to obtain information about changes in that aspect during last few years. Data was collected using questionnaire method. The analysis of obtained results showed that the per-cent of schools organizing one form of nutrition in towns (95.

Nutrition, physical activity and health status in Middle and East European countries.

In the Middle- and East-European countries the political, economic and social situation changed fundamentally in 1989 and 1990. These alterations are reflected in markers of dietary intake, physical activity and health with a trend similar in Czechia, East Germany, Lithuania and Poland. Thus, the previous increase in energy consumption stopped and was followed by a decline.