Molecular mechanisms of developmentally programmed crinophagy in .

At the onset of metamorphosis, salivary gland cells undergo a burst of glue granule secretion to attach the forming pupa to a solid surface. Here, we show that excess granules evading exocytosis are degraded via direct fusion with lysosomes, a secretory granule-specific autophagic process known as crinophagy. We find that the tethering complex HOPS (homotypic fusion and protein sorting); the small GTPases Rab2, Rab7, and its effector, PLEKHM1; and a SNAP receptor complex consisting of Syntaxin 13, Snap29, and Vamp7 are all required for the fusion of secretory granules with lysosomes.

Retromer Ensures the Degradation of Autophagic Cargo by Maintaining Lysosome Function in Drosophila.

The retromer is an evolutionarily conserved coat complex that consists of Vps26, Vps29, Vps35 and a heterodimer of sorting nexin (Snx) proteins in yeast. Retromer mediates the recycling of transmembrane proteins from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network, including receptors that are essential for the delivery of hydrolytic enzymes to lysosomes. Besides its function in lysosomal enzyme receptor recycling, involvement of retromer has also been proposed in a variety of vesicular trafficking events, including early steps of autophagy and endocytosis.

[Fludilat treatment of vagotonic and subendocardial disturbances of cardiac metabolism and bradycardiac coronary diseases (author's transl)].

The action of the drug on the electrocardiograph and clinical investigations were carried out on 55 patients treated with Fludilat. It was shown that in vagotonic subjects and patients with subendocardial ischemia the high T wave in the ECG becomes flattened, in some of the cases the QT interval is prolonged and the U wave larger, parallel with the improvement in the symptoms. A better clinical effect than previously was observed as as result of the antianginal action of Fludilat.